IEEE

Slide 2 Content Overview Topologies Superframe structure Frame formatting Data service Management service Interframe spacing CSMA procedure

Introduction Until recently the main concentration In wireless was on high throughput. Some applications for home automation, security, agriculture,industrial etc. have relaxed throughput requirements with low power consumption and low cost. Existing standards are not suitable because of high complexity, power implications and high cost. 3

Applications Home automation heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, security, lighting, and the control of objects. Industrial detecting emergency situations, monitoring machines Automotive automotive sensing, such as tire pressure monitoring; Agriculture sensing of soil moisture, pesticide, herbicide, and pH levels. Others Controlling consumer electronics, PC peripherals etc. Data rate needed ranges from kb/s to less than 10 kb/s. 4

IEEE MAC Upper Layers IEEE SSCS IEEE LLC, Type I IEEE MHz PHY IEEE /915 MHz PHY Architecture 5

Slide 6 Protocol Drivers  Extremely low cost  Ease of installation  Reliable data transfer  Short range operation Reasonable battery life

Slide Overview Star and peer-to-peer topologies Optional frame structure Association CSMA-CA channel access mechanism Packet validation and message rejection Optional guaranteed time slots Guaranteed packet delivery Facilitates low-power operation Security

Slide 8 IEEE Device Classes Full function device (FFD) – Any topology – PAN coordinator capable – Talks to any other device – Implements complete protocol set Reduced function device (RFD) – Limited to star topology or end-device in a peer-to-peer network. – Cannot become a PAN coordinator – Very simple implementation – Reduced protocol set

Slide 9 IEEE Definitions Network Device: An RFD or FFD implementation containing an IEEE medium access control and physical interface to the wireless medium. Coordinator: An FFD with network device functionality that provides coordination and other services to the network. PAN Coordinator: A coordinator that is the principal controller of the PAN. A network has exactly one PAN coordinator.

Slide 10 Low-Power Operation Duty-cycle control using superframe structure – Beacon order and superframe order – Coordinator battery life extension Indirect data transmission Devices may sleep for extended period over multiple beacons Allows control of receiver state by higher layers

11 Typical Network Topologies

Slide 12 Star Topology FFD RFD Communications flow Master/slave PAN coordinator

Slide 13 Peer-Peer Topology Communications flow Point to point Cluster tree FFD RFD PAN coordinators

Slide 14 Combined Topology FFD RFD Communications flow Clustered stars - for example, cluster nodes exist between rooms of a hotel and each room has a star network for control.

Technical Characteristics Physical layer – 20 kbps over MHz – 40 kbps over – 928 MHz – 250 kbps over GHz MAC protocol – Single channel at any one time – Combines contention-based and schedule-based schemes – Asymmetric: nodes can assume different roles 15

Physical Frequencies and Channels MHz / 915MHz PHY 2.4 GHz MHz Channel 0 Channels 1-10 Channels GHz 928 MHz902 MHz 5 MHz 2 MHz 2.4 GHz PHY

2.4 GHz PHY 250 kb/s (4 bits/symbol, 62.5 kBaud) Data modulation is 16-ary orthogonal modulation 16 symbols are ~orthogonal set of 32-chip PN codes Chip modulation is MSK at 2.0 Mchips/s 868MHz/915MHz PHY Symbol Rate 868 MHz Band: 20 kb/s (1 bit/symbol, 20 kBaud) 915 MHz Band: 40 kb/s (1 bit/symbol, 40 kBaud) Data modulation is BPSK with differential encoding Spreading code is a 15-chip m-sequence Chip modulation is BPSK at 868 MHz Band: 300 kchips/s 915 MHz Band: 600 kchips/s 17 IEEE PHY Overview Modulation/Spreading

Transmit Power Capable of at least 1 mW Transmit Center Frequency Tolerance  40 ppm Receiver Sensitivity (Packet Error Rate <1%) GHz band /915 MHz band RSSI Measurements Packet strength indication Clear channel assessment Dynamic channel selection 18 IEEE PHY Overview Common Parameters

IEEE PHY Overview Packet Structure Preamble Start of Packet Delimiter PHY Header PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU) PHY Packet Fields Preamble (32 bits) – synchronization Start of Packet Delimiter (8 bits) PHY Header (8 bits) – PSDU length PSDU (0 to 1016 bits) – Data field 6 Octets0-127 Octets 19

IEEE MAC Overview General Frame Structure 4 Types of MAC Frames: Data Frame Beacon Frame Acknowledgment Frame MAC Command Frame 20

IEEE MAC overview All devices have IEEE addresses Short addresses can be allocated Addressing modes: – Network + device identifier (star) – Source/destination identifier (peer-peer) 21

Slide 22 Optional Frame Structure 15ms * 2 n where 0  n  14 GTS 3 GTS 2 Network beacon Transmitted by PAN coordinator. Contains network information, frame structure and notification of pending node messages. Beacon extension period Space reserved for beacon growth due to pending node messages Contention period Access by any node using CSMA-CA Guaranteed Time Slot Reserved for nodes requiring guaranteed bandwidth [n = 0]. GTS 1 Slot Battery life extension Contention Access Period Contention Free Period

Slide 23 Optional Frame Structure Superframe may have inactive period 15ms * 2 BO where SO  BO  14 15ms * 2 SO where 0  SO  14 SO = Superframe order BO = Beacon order Inactive Period

IEEE MAC overview Star networks: devices are associated with coordinators – Forming a PAN, identified by a PAN identifier Coordinator – Bookkeeping of devices, address assignment, generate beacons – Talks to devices and peer coordinators Beacon-mode superframe structure – GTS assigned to devices upon request b 24

Slide 25 General MAC Frame Format Frame control field

Slide 26 Beacon Frame Format

Slide 27 MAC Command Frame Command Frame Types – Association request – Association response – Disassociation notification – Data request – PAN ID conflict notification –Orphan Notification –Beacon request –Coordinator realignment –GTS request

Slide 28 Data Frame Format Acknowledgement Frame Format

Slide 29 Data Service Data transfer to neighboring devices – Acknowledged or unacknowledged – Direct or indirect – Using GTS service Maximum data length (MSDU) aMaxMACFrameSize (102 bytes)

Slide 30 Data Transfer Message Sequence Diagram

Slide 31 Indirect Data Transfer Message Sequence Diagram

Slide 32 Passive Scan

Slide 33 Active Scan

Slide 34 Orphaning Message Sequence Diagram

Slide 35 Inter-frame Spacing For frames ≤ aMaxSIFSFrameSize use short inter-frame spacing (SIFS) For frames > aMaxSIFSFrameSize use long inter-frame spacing (LIFS)

Slide 36 Slotted CSMA Procedure Used in beacon enabled networks.

Slide 37 Un-slotted CSMA Procedure Used in non-beacon networks.

Architecture IEEE MAC Applications IEEE MHz PHY IEEE /915 MHz PHY Network Routing Address translation Packet Segmentation Profiles ZigBee 38

ZigBee Relation to similar to Bluetooth / Pushed by Chipcon (now TI), ember, freescale (Motorola), Honeywell, Mitsubishi, Motorola, Philips, Samsung… More than 260 members – about 15 promoters, 133 participants, 111 adopters – must be member to commercially use ZigBee spec ZigBee platforms comprise – IEEE for layers 1 and 2 – ZigBee protocol stack up to the applications 39

ZigBee Stack Architecture 40

Typical ZigBee-Enabled Device Design Typical design consist of RF IC and 8-bit microprocessor with peripherals connected to an application sensor or actuators 41

Wireless Technology Comparison Chart 356  A 34KB /14KB 42

Competing/Similar Technologies Bluetooth – – X10 – Powerline protocol first introduced in the 1970's. – Z-wave – Proprietary protocol for wireless home control networking. – INSTEON – Peer-to-peer mesh networking product that features a hybrid radio/powerline transmission – nanoNET – Proprietary set of wireless sensor protocols, designed to compete with ZigBee. –

Bluetooth vs IEEE Bluetooth based WPAN Few devices Data range is 10m to 100m Data rate is nearly 1Mb/s Power consumption is a low. Battery life is low. Star only. IEEE LR-WPAN Many devices Data range is nearly 10m Data rate is 20 kb/s,40kb/s,250kb/s. Power consumption is ultra low. Battery lasts years. peer to peer,Star. 44

Summary : Low-Rate, Very Low-Power – Low data rate solution with multi-month to multi-year battery life and very low complexity – Potential applications are sensors, interactive toys, smart badges, remote controls, and home automation – Data rates of kbit/s, latency down to 15 ms – Master-Slave or Peer-to-Peer operation – Up to 254 devices or simpler nodes – Support for critical latency devices, such as joysticks – CSMA/CA channel access (data centric), slotted (beacon) or unslotted – Automatic network establishment by the PAN coordinator – Dynamic device addressing, flexible addressing format – Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability – Power management to ensure low power consumption – 16 channels in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, 10 channels in the 915 MHz US ISM band and one channel in the European 868 MHz band – Basis of the ZigBee technology – 45