1. Antenna Design for Zigbee System
Chapter 3
Introduction to Zigbee Communication Systems
Notes for the Instructor
Please ask each workshop participant to run the Chapter 3 Shockwave Movie (duration 7 minutes) without interruption
Follow the movie by this presentation explaining each slide as mentioned in footnote

2. © Copyright 2007 Agilent Technologies
Contents
In this chapter we will see
What is Zigbee Technology?
Basic devices in a Zigbee Mesh Network
coordinator, router and end-node
Self-healing nature of Zigbee Mesh Network
Comparison of Zigbee Technology with other technologies
Noise immunity of Zigbee compared to Bluetooth and WiFi
Spectral usage and data rates of Zigbee Systems
Salient features of Zigbee Technology
Application of Zigbee
Notes for the Instructor
a) These are the topics covered in the presentation
© Copyright 2007 Agilent Technologies

3. What is Zigbee Technology?
Zigbee is a network of switches, controllers, devices and sensors which is self configurable, plug and play capable, present where ever these nodes are present, extremely low power and expandable to nodes
These nodes can be home appliances like- a study lamp, a switch, electricity meter, air-conditioning and heating control panel, a security system panel, a smoke detector or a mains switch.
Study Lamp
Meter
Mains Switch
Lamp Switch
Smoke Detector
Security System Panel
Heating Control Panel
Figure 1: Example of a Zigbee Mesh
© Copyright 2007 Agilent Technologies

4. Devices in a Zigbee Network
Study Lamp
Meter
Mains Switch
Lamp Switch
Smoke Detector
Security System Panel
Heating Control Panel
Coordinator
Router
End-Node
Figure 2: Devices in a Zigbee Mesh
Coordinator: initiates and manages mesh network. It acts as a router node once network is formed
At least one coordinator is required in a network.
Router: forms association with other router nodes and coordinator node. It is a fully functional node that routes multi-hop messages
End-Node: is a reduced function node that neither forms associations with other nodes during mesh setup nor routes multi-hop messages. It is either a sensor, a controller or a switch
© Copyright 2007 Agilent Technologies

5. Self-Healing Nature of Zigbee Mesh
Study Lamp
Meter
Mains Switch
Lamp Switch
Smoke Detector
Security System Panel
Heating Control Panel
Study Lamp
Meter
Mains Switch
Lamp Switch
Smoke Detector
Security System Panel
Heating Control Panel
Figure 3: Re-routing for self-healing
© Copyright 2007 Agilent Technologies

6. Zigbee into Perspective
0.01
0.1 1 10
100
1000
10000
WPAN
WLAN
WMAN
WWAN
Data Rates (Mbps)
ZigBee
Bluetooth
IEEE (WiFi)
WiMAX
1394a
Figure 4: Coverage Vs Data Rate for different wireless systems
© Copyright 2007 Agilent Technologies

7. © Copyright 2007 Agilent Technologies
Noise Immunity
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (dB)
Bit Error Rate 10 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9
Zigbee
WiFi
FSK
Bluetooth
Figure 5: BER Vs S/N for Zigbee, WiFi, FSK, Bluetooth
© Copyright 2007 Agilent Technologies

8. Spectral Usage and Data Rates
Zigbee co-exists in license free ISM band along with Bluetooth and WiFi.
Geographic Location
Frequency Band
Data Rate
No. of Channels
Europe
868.3 MHz
20 kbps 1
America
MHz
40 kbps
1-10
Worldwide
MHz
250 kbps
11-26
Table 1: Band allocation to Zigbee, data rates & no. of channels
© Copyright 2007 Agilent Technologies

9. Salient Features of Zigbee Technology
Extremely low power consumption ideal for switches and sensor nodes
Suitable for latency tolerant applications
Use of license free band
CSMA-CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access-Collision Avoidance)
Automatic network establishment and maintenance by the coordinator
Multiple channels and moderate data rates
Extremely Robust and Noise Immune
Reliable and Self-healing
© Copyright 2007 Agilent Technologies

10. Applications for Zigbee Technology
Light Sensors
Outdoor
Light Dimmers
in Lamps
Home and Office Automation
Light Sensing and Control
Temperature & Humidity Sensing and Control
Automotive Sensor and Controller Network
Industry Automation and Applications
Remote Parameter Monitoring
Asset Tracking and Inventory Management
Personal Health Management of elderly
Likely to replace Bluetooth in numerous consumer electronics applications
Figure 6: Light Control in homes and offices
Electric Parking and Break Switch
Seat Belt
Tension Sensor
Photo-interrupter
Sensor
Seat Belt Switch
Adjustable
Pedal Drive
Car Horn
Figure 7: Sensors and Controllers in Automobile
© Copyright 2007 Agilent Technologies

11. © Copyright 2007 Agilent Technologies
Session Summary
In this session
We have introduced a robust, self-healing, noise immune, and low power Zigbee Technology.
We compared Zigbee performance with other communication systems.
We mentioned the frequency band for which a patch antenna has to be designed
We mentioned salient features of Zigbee Technology and its application areas
Notes for the Instructor
a) Conclude by summarizing these points
© Copyright 2007 Agilent Technologies