Safety Training for the Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Disclaimer/Usage Notes This material was produced under grant number 46C5-HT09 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Photos shown in this presentation may depict situations that are not in compliance with applicable OSHA requirements. It is not the intent of the content developers to provide compliance-based training in this presentation, the intent is more to address hazard awareness in the construction industry, and to recognize the overlapping hazards present in many construction workplaces. It should NOT be assumed that the suggestions, comments, or recommendations contained herein constitute a thorough review of the applicable standards, nor should discussion of “issues” or “concerns” be construed as a prioritization of hazards or possible controls. Where opinions (“best practices”) have been expressed, it is important to remember that safety issues in general and construction jobsites specifically will require a great deal of site- or hazard-specificity – a “one size fits all” approach is not recommended, nor will it likely be very effective. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Disclaimer/Usage Notes (continued) No representation is made as to the thoroughness of the presentation, nor to the exact methods of remediation to be taken. It is understood that site conditions vary constantly, and that the developers of this content cannot be held responsible for safety problems they did not address or could not anticipate, nor those which have been discussed herein or during physical presentation. It is the responsibility of the employer, its subcontractors, and its employees to comply with all pertinent rules and regulations in the jurisdiction in which they work. Copies of all OSHA regulations are available from your local OSHA office, and many pertinent regulations and supporting documents have been provided with this presentation in electronic or printed format. It is assumed that individuals using this presentation or content to augment their training programs will be “qualified” to do so, and that said presenters will be otherwise prepared to answer questions, solve problems, and discuss issues with their audiences. Areas of particular concern (or especially suited to discussion) have additional information provided in the “notes” section of slides throughout the program…as a presenter, you should be prepared to discuss all of the potential issues/concerns, or problems inherent in those photos particularly. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

What Are the Focus Four Hazards? Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Electrical Hazards The primary protection against the hazards of working with electricity is to de-energize circuits wherever possible. This work should be performed by trained, qualified personnel who have been provided with the appropriate personal protective equipment. Once the circuit has been de-energized, it should be tested to ensure that no electrical energy remains. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Struck-By Hazards Struck-by hazards come in many forms – falling or rolling materials, unsecured loads, flying objects. Perhaps one of the most common struck-by hazards is working around traffic and heavy equipment. Maintaining high visibility and paying attention to all types of traffic are two key ways to minimize these hazards. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Caught-In- Between Hazards Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Fall Hazards Fall hazards occur in nearly all areas construction is performed, and on most of the equipment (scaffolds, ladders, heavy equipment, for example) used in our industry. More often than not, the solution requires a combination of systems and well-trained employees – there is no “one size fits all” solution to fall protection. One thing that is true – an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure – try to prevent the fall wherever possible. Simply “tying off” creates its own set of hazards. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Fatality/Injury Data This information is compiled from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Fatality Data 2003 & 2004 2355 Total Fatalities 805 Fall 253 Electrical 570 Struck by 228 Caught in between 499 All Other (includes transportation related) Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Primary Causes of Electrocution Fatalities Contact with Overhead Powerlines Contact with Live Circuits in Panels Poorly Maintained Cords and Tools Lightning Strikes Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Primary Causes of Struck-by Fatalities Falling Objects Rigging Failure Loose or Shifting Materials Equipment Tipover or Malfunction Lack of Overhead Protection Vehicle and Equipment Strikes Backing Incidents Workers on Foot Flying Objects Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Primary Causes of Caught-in-Between Fatalities Trench/Excavation Collapse Rotating Equipment Unguarded Parts Equipment Rollovers Equipment Maintenance Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Primary Causes of Fall-Related Fatalities Unprotected sides, edges and holes Improperly constructed walking/working surfaces Improper use of access equipment Failure to properly use PFAS Slips and Trips (housekeeping) Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Citations Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Top 10 Focus Four Citations (FY 2005) Subpart Citations Total Dollar Value Description 1926.451 8,410 $7,682,185 Scaffolding 1926.501 5,728 $7,176,729 Fall Protection Scope/Applications/Definitions 1926.1053 2,122 $964,811 Ladders 1926.651 1,794 $2,104,067 Excavations, General Requirements 1926.503 1,581 $823,501 Fall Protection Training Requirements 1926.20 1,560 $868,881 Construction, General Safety and Health Provisions 1926.100 1,519 $792,414 Head Protection 1926.453 1,379 $1,285,758 Manually Propelled Mobile Ladder Stands and Scaffolds 1926.404 1,313 $644,886 Electrical, Wiring Design and Protection 1926.652 1,264 $3,117,087 Excavations, Requirements for Protective Systems 1926.405 1,157 $344,814 Elec. Wiring Methods, Components and Equip, Gen'l Use These are the top ten OSHA citations that relate to the four basic hazards of electrical struck-by, caught-in-between and falls. Other citations not related to the focus four have been removed from the list. Citation statistics from Federal OSHA data for OSHA fiscal year 2005 Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Top Electrical Citations (FY 2005) Electrical, Wiring Design and Protection Elec. Wiring Methods, Components and Equipment, General Use Electrical, General Requirements Electrical, Safety-Related Work Practices, General Requirements Citation statistics from Federal OSHA data for OSHA fiscal year 2005 Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Top Struck-By Citations (FY 2005) Head Protection Eye and face protection Criteria for PPE (Subpart B – Power Transmission and Distribution) Material Handling Equipment Concrete & Masonry Citation statistics from Federal OSHA data for OSHA fiscal year 2005 Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Top Caught-in-Between Citations (FY 2005) Excavations - General Requirements Excavations – Protective Systems Wood Working Equipment Hand and Power Tools Citation statistics from Federal OSHA data for OSHA fiscal year 2005 Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Top Fall Protection Citations (FY 2005) Scaffolding General Fall Protection Scope Ladders Fall protection training Manually propelled scaffolds - Lifts Citation statistics from Federal OSHA data for OSHA fiscal year 2005 Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Fatality & Statistical Analysis 85% of all citations and 90% of dollars applied as fines are related to the Focus Four Hazards 79% of all fatalities are related to the Focus Four Hazards Citation statistics from Federal OSHA data for OSHA fiscal year 2005. This photo illustrates how some or all of the hazards we will discuss today can occur during the same operation, and why the Focus Four can be so dangerous. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

NIOSH Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation program (FACE) examples of fatalities caused by the Focus Four hazards Electrocution Struck-by Caught-in Fall Refer to the four NIOSH FACE reports on the CD Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Electrical Hazards Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Temporary Wiring and Lighting Systems Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Electrical Harm PATH: Harm is related to the path by which current passes through the body. Describe how even small levels of amperage can cause serious injuries by affecting the electrical system of the body and affecting the heart rhythm. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI) Monitors current flow between the hot and neutral wires Trip between 4-6 mA in 1/40th of a second Describe how GFCIs work. Advise that they must be tested regularly. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

How GFCIs Work Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Assured Equipment Grounding Program Inspection is your primary protection Best practice recommends documented testing every 3 months Color coding most common: Winter Spring Summer Fall Advise that testing should be done regardless of whether GFCIs are in use. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Reverse Polarity Diagram Hot Switch Neutral Tool could be hot with the switch off Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Reverse Polarity Hot wire and neutral wire are reversed Even though a switch is off, the circuit could be hot Discuss how Reverse Polarity occurs and the dangers. Reverse Polarity can cause tools and equipment to be hot when they are assumed to be off. GFCIs may also not work on reverse polarity. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Electrical Extension Cords The primary insulation is cut If the insulation was also cut on the conductors, exposing bare wires, they could come in contact with someone Damage is often caused by repeated stretching or being run over This cord is out of compliance and must be removed. Describe types of damage cords can have and what to look for. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Electrical Wiring like this must be protected in closed boxes There is the potential of electric shock from loose wire nuts or exposed conductors This wiring cannot be left exposed. Stress that all electrical wire must be properly protected inside electrical boxes. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Electrical Panel Boxes Live electrical panels must be completely covered with a hard cover (original intended equipment) Employees could be exposed to live wires around the perimeter of this box No Cardboard! This is not considered protected. Stress the need for all live circuitry to be covered or protected. Electricians cannot leave panel boxes unattended with the covers off. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Arc Flash Prevention Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

An electric arc: Typically lasts less than a second Has extremely high radiant (heat) energy Is explosive in nature (exerts great force) Can ignite or melt conventional work clothing Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

These pictures are from an Arc-flash accident. Note the burned clothing. Note that the chest was protected by a shirt and the bows of the glasses protected a strip on the head. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Pressure Waves > 2000 lb/psf Electrical Arc Molten Metal > 1800 ° F 35,000 °F Pressure Waves > 2000 lb/psf Sound Waves >140db Shrapnel > 740 mph Copper Vapor: Solid to Vapor Expands by 67,000 times Describe the physics of an electric arc. Hot Air >500 ° F Intense Light Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

NFPA 70E Requirements Arc flash boundaries must be known Safe approach distances established and maintained Marking equipment relative to hazards Electrically safe (voltage rated) tools PPE (ATPV) Training Refer to the Arc Thermal Protective Value (ATPV). Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

The Best Way to Work on Energized Electrical Equipment? DON’T! Shut it down and lock it out Establish an electrically safe working condition Discuss that the best procedure is always to shut the system down, lock it out and eliminate the hazard. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Overhead Powerlines Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

This dump truck contacted an overhead power line. The rear outside drive tires were blown off of the hubs by the electrical voltage as it passed through the tires and heated them up causing them to expand. One tire flew nearly sixty feet – causing an additional struck-by hazard! Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

The Sad Reality This victim contacted an overhead power line while working from an aerial bucket. NOTE: Most aerial equipment is NOT insulated. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Power Line Facts Overhead lines are typically not insulated. Any covering is generally a weather protection, not insulation. Over 90 percent of the contacts occur on overhead distribution lines Operators are normally safe if they stay on the equipment Ground personnel are over 8 times more likely to be killed Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Electrical Damage to the Body If you touch a power line, electricity will attempt to travel through your body When electricity travels through the body, it heats up and burns body tissue internally Electricity leaves the body violently, causing burns or even blowing an exit hole Discuss the devastating injuries these contact accidents create. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Maintain Safe Working Clearance All equipment – ladders, scaffolds, cranes, trucks, forklifts, etc. – MUST maintain a minimum 10 foot clearance from 50 kV or less Add .4 inches for every kV over 50 kV ANSI guidelines suggest the following distances, which are greater than OSHA requirements: 100 kV - 15 feet 350 kV - 20 feet 500 kV - 25 feet Why do distances increase with voltage? Load sag and flex are primary issues on transmission lines Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Discuss that the 10 foot minimum clearance applies to all types of equipment. MINIMUM 10' Distance Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Ensure Adequate Clearance Install flag warnings at proper distances If it is difficult for an operator to see the power lines, designate a spotter If you cannot maintain adequate clearances, you must have the power company insulate, move or de-energize the line Discuss the various methods. Also discuss the fact that it may take a power company several weeks to de-energize or move a line. Therefore proper pre-planning is a MUST. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

The Ground May Be Hot! Electricity dissipates with the resistance of the ground As potential drops, fields develop around the electrified machine If you step across a line of unequal potential, you could be electrocuted Discuss the process of voltage dissipation by the resistance of the ground. Energy fields can be set up around the grounded object. If a person steps across two different levels of voltage or touches an object at a different level, electricity may pass through the body. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

If Contact Occurs Stay on the machine if possible Warn all others to stay away Notify power company immediately Attempt to move away but assure line is not “connected” Power distribution systems many times have storm trip circuits on them. These are relays that will trip out for a period of time (Usually 3-30 seconds) to allow a faulted object such as a tree branch to fall away. These relays will than reset and the line will be re-energized. This may occur 2-3 times before a breaker actually trips and the power remains out until it is manually reset. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Bail Out Procedures If you must get out, jump with your feet together Do not touch the machine Hop or shuffle out of the area Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Incident Free Planning Training Inspection Oversight Lessons learned Re-evaluate Use these steps to provide continuous improvement Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Struck-By Hazards Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Crane Tip Over and Failure Incidents Soft Ground Inadequate outrigger support Overload Crane out of level Boom strike Up to 20% of crane fatality accidents are caused by struck-by’s from crane tip overs or crane failures. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Fatalities Handling Loads Struck by the load Rigging equipment failure Rigging equipment overload Improper rigging technique Many workers are hurt or killed from handling loads including: loads falling out of rigging, being struck by swinging or descending loads and being pulled off of upper elevations from swinging loads. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Inspect All Slings Slings must be inspected before each use Slings should have tags that indicate capacities All nylon and chain slings must have legible tags. Riggers must understand wire rope sling capacities. All riggers must know how to inspect slings and properly rigged loads. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Highway Worker Fatalities Contractor Equipment 41% Other 18% Reinforce that the number one cause of a highway worker fatality is being killed by construction equipment. Vehicles entering work areas are usually the result of driver error or improperly erected work zones. Vehicle Entering Work Area 22% Traffic Crash 19% Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Highway Equipment Related Fatalities Passengers 8% Worker on Foot 57% Most of the workers on foot are either killed by being run-over by equipment, especially backing equipment. Some are killed by equipment tip-over or failure. The most common cause of operator fatality is equipment roll-over. Many passengers are killed because they were not in a proper seat and were riding on steps, fenders, tailgates, buckets, etc., and fell off. Operators 35% Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Equipment & Vehicle Hazards Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Striking Workers on Foot Discuss how shadows can hide workers. Discuss need for high visibility clothing. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Poor Worker Position This worker is out of the driver’s mirror view Workers should never get into blind spots of operators and should never get between pieces of equipment unless the equipment is secured. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Pinned In/Under Equipment A truck driver was working between the frame and dump box of a dump truck The dump box dropped suddenly, crushing his head This has been a common cause of fatality. Truck boxes should always be independently blocked. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Equipment Does Roll Over! Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Wear Your Seat Belt! When there is a roll-over hazard, there must be a seat belt Always wear the seat belt Only ride in the seat provided No riding in buckets, on fenders or on steps Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Backing Equipment Have audible back-up alarms Have a spotter to direct the operator if visibility is restricted Keep adequate clearance behind the vehicle Always pay attention to backing equipment Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

High Visibility Clothing High visibility clothing refers to reflective garments that workers should wear whenever their work place contains hazards related to low visibility or when they work near vehicles or moving equipment All workers near active traffic, in high rights-of-way, working around moving construction equipment or in areas where visibility is limited should wear high visibility clothing. Clothing should include reflective stripes. You should refer to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) for further guidance. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Loading Equipment Trailer secure and on a level surface Inspect the deck for debris, blocking or chains Have a spotter help properly align the equipment up the ramps Be sure equipment is properly secured Many tip-over accidents occur during the loading or unloading of equipment. Equipment can also slide off trailers or loading ramps. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Maintenance Hazards Workers under equipment that is insufficiently supported NEVER work under equipment supported only by jacks or their own hydraulics. All equipment must be properly shut down, parking brakes set and be adequately blocked before maintenance workers can work around or under equipment. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Materials Handling and Storage This sling was removed from service just prior to a helicopter pick! Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Stack and Store Materials Properly No more than 4:1 height to base ratio Secure all loads Stack, block, and interlock Keep at least 6' back from edges Be prepared for heavy weather Many workers are hurt or killed by falling stacks of material. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Transporting & Unloading Material Pipes, stacks of material, etc., can roll off a truck when bindings are removed Unsecured material can fall from forklifts and other equipment Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Pneumatic Nailers Penetration checks must be made Safety’s must be operational All proper PPE must be worn Discuss the need for penetration checks and proper use of air nailers. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Powder Actuated Tools Never load the tool until you are ready to use it Always insert the fastener before cocking the tool Never cock the tool against the hand or point the tool at anyone Always check penetrations and use proper loads Wear appropriate PPE Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Incident Free Planning Training Inspection Oversight Lessons learned Re-evaluate Use these steps to provide continuous improvement Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Caught in Between Hazards Congested worksites, heavy equipment and multiple trades can contribute to caught in between hazards. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Trench & Excavation Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Soil Mechanics Soil weighs about 100 – 140 lb/cu.ft. Each foot of depth adds more pressure side pressure Once the pressure exceeds the ability of the soil to support itself, failure is possible 120 120 120 120 Discuss the weight of soil. It only takes a small amount such as 1 cu.ft. to cause a serious injury. 2 cu.ft. (200 lbs) can be enough to heavily restrict a buried victim’s ability to breathe. 120 Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Basic Requirements CFR 1926.650-654 Work must be supervised by a “Competent Person” Protection is required over 5 feet deep or if there is a possibility of a cave-in Excavations must be inspected daily and/or with changes Access/Egress is required over 4 feet deep A rescue plan must be in place Review OSHA’s complete excavation standard and be ready to discuss various issues. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Trench Shields or Boxes Engineered for Type C soils Can be used with all classes of soils Shields can be moved horizontally with workers inside Worker must stay inside shields Trench shields are commonly used for pipe installation work. When used properly, shields can be much safer, effective and cheaper than sloping methods. A minimum of two shields should always be available to extend the work area or to help work through intersecting utilities. Trench boxes must be at least 18" above the ground. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Barricade Excavations Excavations must be barricaded or marked if they are not readily visible Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Utility Strikes ZAP! Many workers are injured in utility strikes. Proper marking of utilities is required in all states. Proper clearances must be maintained. If a utility is struck, the utility should be contacted immediately. If a gas line is struck and damaged, both the utility and emergency services should be contacted immediately. ZAP! Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Rescue A rescue plan must be in place Rescue of a buried worker is a slow and tedious process Most local fire departments are not fully trained or equipped to perform excavation rescue operations. Excavation rescue must be done extremely carefully as the operations themselves can: cause additional cave-ins, endangering both the trapped victim and rescuers create more soil pressure on a buried victim injure the victim more severely. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Causes of Fatalities Crushing Crane booms that are not adequately supported when the pins are removed during dismantling can fall on the worker driving out the pins. Rotating cabs, housings counterweights, buckets, etc. can strike victims or even trap victims against other obstacles. Caught under the truss boom during dismantling Caught between crane and carriage Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Swinging/Rotating Equipment Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Barricade Swing Radius Barricade the swing radius Maintain 2' distance from fixed objects If the barricade is mounted on the machine, it must be strong enough to push a worker out of the way so that he/she cannot be caught against something such as a building or another part of the equipment. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Mechanical Moving Parts Many workers lose fingers or other appendages by sticking them into areas where there are moving parts. Discuss guards and Lock Out. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Preventing / Controlling / Abating Maintenance Hazards Lockout equipment Place an energy-isolating device over the energy source Bleed off stored energy Lock it until the repair/maintenance work is completed Tag out the equipment (when Lockout is not possible) Place a tag over the energy source and start-up mechanisms Label it with a written warning that remains in place until the work is done Block disabled equipment Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Machine Guarding Install and maintain all guards on tools and heavy equipment This equipment is not properly guarded. Make sure all moving parts, gears, shafts, belts, etc. are properly guarded. This includes all wood working equipment such as table saws, miter saws, etc. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Miter Saws This guard is bolted open Guards must cover the blade and only retract as the blade cuts through material. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Grinders & Abrasive Saws Guards must remain in place and eye protection must be worn Best practice is to use face shields and hearing protection Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Dumping Trucks Stay clear of dump trucks while they are dumping Trucks can become unstable with the boxes raised Watch for spillage out of the end gates If an end gate chain breaks, you could be covered in material Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Incident Free Planning Training Inspection Oversight Lessons learned Re-evaluate Use these steps to provide continuous improvement Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Fall Hazards Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Roofs Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

These photos illustrate flat roofs and sloped roofs in commercial and residential applications. Each type and application has its own specific requirements and suitable equipment to reduce hazards. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Methods of Roof Fall Protection Fall Arrest Safety Monitors Guardrails and warning lines Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Outside Warning Lines Parapet up to at least 39" Fall Restraint Safety Monitors Employees performing roofing work outside warning lines must be protected by fall restraint or positive fall protection systems. OSHA allows the use of safety monitoring systems in certain limited instances. This practice must be closely supervised, and must comply with all components of the fall protection regulations. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Open Sided Floors Open edges on decks, roof, mezzanines, etc. over 6' high must be protected This individual is not properly protected and is exposed to a fall in excess of 30 feet. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Stay Back from Edges Stay away from edges unless work requires it Always face the edge Work from your knees Fall Hazard Some work practices, such as precast concrete erection, allow employees to work under a fall protection plan without being positively protected. It is imperative that all employees are properly trained and equipped to work in these instances, and that they follow all recommended procedures. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Don’t Create a Greater Hazard Simply tying off does not necessarily eliminate the hazard of a fall. Poor planning, improper equipment, and lack of coordination and communication can create hazards as well. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Holes Covers Guardrails Covers must be properly marked, positively affixed, and capable of supporting twice the intended load Any signage used onsite should be adequately communicated to all employees, including those who may not speak or read English. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Access Ways Offset guardrails are recommended Watch for tripping hazards at tops of ladders and stairs Ladderways and stairwells should planned well in advance to ensure their safe operation from phase to phase. Additionally, proper guardrails and handrail systems should be installed and maintained throughout the project. Offset guardrail systems are an ideal way to protect areas where access must be made through perimeter protection. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Material Handling Platforms & Hoist Areas Material handling platforms must have guardrails When the guardrails are opened to receive material, workers must be tied off Gates are preferred to removable rails Material handling and hoist areas should be preplanned along with other site logistics (storage, access, and housekeeping, for instance) to ensure that employees are fall protected at all times. Proper planning will allow for safe loading areas during each phase of construction and on multiple floors at one time. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Slip & Trip Hazards - Housekeeping! Watch trip hazards Here trash creates a trip hazard for everyone in the building Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Stairways Stair pans should not be used for access until poured, and until guardrails and handrails installed Be sure all debris is removed immediately Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Scaffolds & Ladders Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Scaffold Requirements Be on a firm foundation with base plates Be plumb, square and adequately braced Have a fully planked work deck Have guardrails over 10 feet Be tied-in over 4:1 height to base ratio Have an adequate means of access and egress These are only some of the most frequently cited and most common hazards associated with scaffolding. Additional requirements apply, as do manufacturer’s system specific guidelines. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Good Foundations Mason’s Adjustable Frames Hydro-mobile Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Access No access by cross braces Bottom rung can not be more than 24" high You must use a ladder or frames designed to be used as ladders Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Proper Access Ladder Tower with gate Ladder Ladder Frame Platform Ladder frame must be uniform and less than 16-3/4 inches. You should check with the manufacturer’s requirements. Ladder Platform Ladder Frame Stairway Frame Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Baker-type Scaffolds Baker scaffolds can be unstable Never use a double stack without outriggers A minimum of three wheels must be locked when employees are working on the platform. Where possible, consider the use of scissorlifts when a mobile scaffold is required. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Falling Object Protection 1926.451(h) Toe boards at edges of platforms Use panels or screens when accessed from below Barricade areas below Use canopies where walkways cross underneath Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Ladder Types Type I-AA ladders are extra heavy duty and can handle up to 375 lbs. Type I-A ladders are heavy-duty and can handle up to 300 lbs. Type I ladders can hold up to 250 lbs. Type II ladders can hold 225 lbs. Type III ladders are for light duty only and can hold up to 200 lbs. Ladders should be chosen with the weight of a worker and his or her tools in mind. Many companies disallow the use of aluminum ladders due to their conductivity and ease of damage. (Edit slide to read as follows: Type I-AA ladders are extra heavy duty and can handle up to 375 lbs. Type I-A ladders are heavy-duty and can handle up to 300 lbs. Type I ladders can hold up to 250 lbs. Type II ladders can hold 225 lbs. Type III ladders are for light duty only and can hold up to 200 lbs. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Read the Warning Labels Labels are there for a reason! Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Proper Ladder Climbing Use both hands to climb a ladder Always face the ladder when climbing, descending or working Avoid the top two steps of a stepladder and the top four rungs on other ladders Always read and follow manufacturer’s usage requirements. Be sure that ladders are secured before climbing, and that extension ladders extend at least 3 feet above the landing surface, or that a suitable grabrail is available. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Don’t Lean a Step Ladder The support leg can contact the ground causing the step leg to kick out Also employees should not work from the top or second step Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Do Not Stand On The Top Step!!! Obey the Labels!! NO! Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Working Above Protections When employees work above railings, they must be protected from falling over the railings. This could mean that employees should be provided with appropriate PFAs. Many companies have started to require tie off on ladders when they are higher than and within 1.5 times the height of the ladder from the guardrail system. Preplanning for curtain wall installation, ductwork and other work may require anchorage points, especially at door and window openings. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Set Feet Properly Firm Base Set both feet level and on the pads Soft Base Set on the spikes and seat the ladder in the ground. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Proper Access Ladders Ladders should be set at 1 horizontal to 4 vertical Ladders must be secured Ladder access ways must be guarded Ladders must extend 3' above the landing surface, or an adequate grabrail must be provided Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Bridges Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Bridge Fall Protection Bridge edges must be protected When working over water flotation devices must be worn Proper consideration must be given to fall protection for both demolition of existing structures, and construction of new structures. Height of guardrails has to be maintained (or adjusted) to conform with deck heights as they change during work. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Leading edges must be protected Falls While Decking Shear connectors and other protrusions from the structure constitute a tripping hazard, and additional precautions should be taken. Leading edges must be protected Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Equipment Do not jump from equipment Use three point contact at all times Be sure of your footing Do not strain your shoulders Be sure steps are clear of mud and ice All employees should be encouraged to use grabrails and or handrails as provided by manufacturers. Maintenance and inspection programs should include all walking and working surfaces on equipment. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Protect Yourself Employees exposed to falls of greater than six feet must be protected when working on equipment. Many times this entails use of built-in rail or anchorage systems. Other times, it simply requires common sense Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Proper Seats All employees riding in or on equipment must be properly restrained, using proper seats and seatbelts. This applies to ALL equipment, including (but not limited to) off road vehicles, grading equipment, and onsite transport such as golf carts. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Competent Person A competent person is someone who: Is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions that are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and Has the authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them Competency is important in all facets of construction, and most certainly so in the areas of the four high hazards. Because these hazards occur during such diverse operations as rigging, workzone construction, bridgework, material handling, roofing, and many other types of construction, the designated Competent Person must be well trained and capable of communicating with his or her employees regarding the many hazards they might face. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Incident Free Planning Training Inspection Oversight Lessons learned Re-evaluate Use these steps to provide continuous improvement Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry

Summary The focus four hazards are responsible for the majority of physical, financial, and emotional losses in construction — and they exist on nearly every jobsite. It takes a well-trained crew (the entire crew!) and lots of pre-planning to recognize and respond to those hazards. Safety is everyone's responsibility — ALL of the time. Susan Harwood Training Grant Program (2006) Focus Four Hazards in the Construction Industry