NORTRIP Workshop, NILU

Tested pavements Standard asphalt – mainly SMA (ABS), D max and stone material Porous asphalt with porphyry Rubber mixed asphalts – four types with two references European pavements (SPENS project) – ACO11 with gneiss/diorite and AC11 with limestone Concrete

TypStenstorlekBergartUrsprungStenegenskaper NötningsresistensFragmentering Största stenstorlekStenmaterial > 8mm Anm.KulkvarnLos AngelesSprödhetstalFlisighetstal ABS 8MylonitDurasplitt6,120-- ABS 8PorfyrGustafs512-- ABS 8KvartsitDalbo5,717,5471,38 -- ABD 11Porfyrporös/tyst512-- ABS 11KvartsitKärr6,117,5371,32 ABS 11MylonitDurasplitt6,120-- ABS 11PorfyrGustafs512-- ABS 11KvartsitDalbo5,717,5471,38 ABS 11Kvartsitisk sandstenHardeberga8,722371,38 ABS(g) 11Kvartsitisk sandstenHardebergagummiinblandad ABS 11RyolitTösse4,910-- GAP 11RyolitTössegummiinblandad4,910-- GAÖ 11RyolitTössegummiinblandad4,910-- ABT 11GneissTjeckien-20-- ABT 11KalkstenSlovenien-25-- ABT 16GranitSkärlunda7,117341,34 ABS 16KvartsitDalbo5,717,5471,38 ABS 16PorfyrGustafs512-- Betong Granitbetong Tested pavements

Mean total wear and PM10

D max

Nordic ball mill and Los Angeles value

Speed 200 mg/vkm

Load

Stud protrusion

Share of studded tyres

Load

Main parameters for direct pavement wear emission Pavement Pavement type (basal information, but most info on SMA) Stone material properties (nordic ball mill value useful) D max Traffic Speed Share of studded tyres Stud protrusion – hard to find data Load (only one test made in road simulator) – share of heavy/light?

VTI wear model Pavement Pavement type Stone material properties (nordic ball mill value useful) D max Traffic Speed Share of studded tyres Stud protrusion Load (only one test made in road simulator)

Slitagemodellen – road wear model Developed at VTI of Lars-Göran Wågberg and Torbjörn Jacobson. From road simulator data and in situ measurements. More than 500 pavements have been tested.

Road wear model - areas of use Used by entrepreneurs since late 1990s to optimise the choice of pavement.

Input to the wear model Rubrik i diagram:E4 Underrubrik i diagram:Södertälje Typsektion (1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8):5 (1=7 m; 2=9 m; 3=13 m; 4= breda körfält; 5=motorväg; 6=tunnel & (2)+1 vägar); 7=2+(1) vägar; 8= extr smala körfält) Tillåten hastighet:50(50, 70, 90 alt 110 km/h) ÅDT körfält:10000fordon/dygn Slitageperiod/år:180vinterdygn/år Dubbandel:60% (medel under slitageperioden) Saltad väg (J/N):J Antal beräkningsår:5St Tillåtet spårdjup:17Mm Uppskattat övrigt spårdjup:4Mm Tillgängligt slitage-spårdjup:13Mm Stenhalt >4mm:75vikt-% Största stenstorlek (MS):16Mm Kulkvarnsvärde (KV):7 Prallvärde:20 cm 3 Beläggningstyp (endast för Prall):2 Pris - färdig beläggning:60 kr/m 2

Relation wear and PM10 emission

Output

Using the total wear from the wear model gives automatically speed dependence

Speed dependence

Dependence of the nordic ball mill value

Stone size

Emission factors derived from road simulator Emissionsfaktor (mg fkm -1 )EF PM0,6 -andel av EF PMXX Emissionsfaktor (antal fkm -1 ) Hastigh et (km h - 1 ) EF PM0,6 EF PM1 Korr EF PM1 EF PM2,5 Korr EF PM2,5 EF PM10 Korr EF PM10 EF PM1 EF PM2,5 EF PM10 EF antal,7-600nm Michelin300,10,30,1031,003913,000,320,030,00214,40E+10 X-Ice North500,10,90,30206, ,670,140,010,00049,90E ,21,90,63248, ,670,120,010,00022,30E+12 Nokian300,20,40,1331,003812,670,510,060,00587,00E+10 Hakkapeliitta 4500,210,33155, ,330,250,020,00151,00E ,32,10,70237, ,000,150,010,00052,80E+12 Bridgestone300,10,20,0720,67124,000,550,060,01068,10E+10 Noranza500,20,80,2793, ,000,30,030,00169,90E ,410,33144, ,000,260,030,00023,60E+12 Michelin300,2 0,070,20,070,70,230,940,790,252,10E+11 X-Ice500,1 0,030,10,030,80,270,920,780,133,10E ,1 0,030,10,0372,330,870,620,018,10E+10 Nokian300,10,20,070,60,2031,000,670,270,0473,30E+10 Hakkapeliitta RSi* 500,10,20,070,50,1762,000,650,240,0222,60E ,10,20,071,10,379030,000,360,050,0014,70E+10 Bridgestone300,3 0,100,30,100,480,160,950,850,5812,20E+10 Turanza500,3 0,100,30,100,450,150,950,850,5691,70E ,2 0,070,20,0720,670,930,770,0042,00E+10 Nokian300,1 0,030,20,070,240,080,920,690,522,10E+10 NRHi Ecosport500,1 0,030,10,030,20,070,90,650,441,40E ,1 0,030,20,070,920,310,830,390,091,20E+10 studded unstudded summer

ACO 11 S, asphalt 50/70 Diorite Pavements used AC 11 surf, B70/100 Limestone

Tyres used Summer tyre: Michelin Pilot Primacy Winter tyre: Pirelli Sottozero

Results: PM 10 effect of tyre (DustTrak) Ca 50% higher PM 10 with winter tyres

Results: PM 10 effect of tyre (DustTrak) Ca 40-50% higher PM 10 with winter tyres at 50 and 70 km/h

Water and CMA Time series of the concentration in the road simulator during 3 different tests; 15 g/m 2 CMA, 10 and 30 g/m 2 water and 10 g/m 2 CMA with 10 % potassium formiat.

The RH ”problem”.

Efficieny of sweepers

Wet Dust Sampler Can measure dust load on the road surface and chemistry of dissolved substances on the surface etc.

Wet Dust Sampler (WDS)

High pressure water Filled cone spray Time controlled - repeatable Water sample with dust and salt/CMA

Efficency of sweepers, dry road surface

Efficency of sweepers, humid road surface