ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs iqAwr krqw: Alkw gupqw (AYs. AYs. imstRYs) srkwrI hweI skUl vrpwl AMimRqsr jmwq A`TvIN ivSw smwijk ivigAwn

pUrv igAwn ieMifAn nYSnl kWgrs bwry qusIN kI jwxdy ho? ieMifAn nYSnl kWgrs dI sQwpnw kdoN hoeI? ieMifAn nYSnl kWgrs dI sQwpnw iks ny kIqI? ieMifAn nYSnl kWgrs dy pRmu~K nyqw ikhVy sn?

ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dI sQwpnw ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dI sQwpnw imstr ey.E. ihaUm ny 28 dsMbr, 1885 eI: iv`c mMubeI ivKy gokl dws qyjpwl kwlj iv`c kIqI sI[ auh iek syvw-mukq AMgryj AweI.sI.AYs. AiDkwrI sI[ausnUM ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dw ipqw vI ikhw jWdw sI[ ey.E. ihaUm

ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dw pihlw smwgm ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dw pihlw smwgm 28 qoN 30 dsMbr 1885 q`k muMbeI dy gokl dws qyjpwl kwlj iv`c vomyS cMdr bYnrjI dI pRDwngI hyT hoieAw[ ies smwgm iv`c 72 pRqIinDIAW ny ih`sw ilAw[

ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dy audyS dyS dI BlweI dy kMm krn vwly lokW nwl sMprk Aqy im`qrqw kwiem krnw[ BydBwvW nMU Kqm krky eykqw dI Bwvnw pYdw krnw[ dyS dI BlweI leI srkwr A`gy mMg-p`qr Aqy pRwQnw p`qr pyS krny[ dyS iv`c smwijk Aqy AwriQk suDwr krn leI suJwA iek`Ty krnw[

audwrvwdI Xu`g, eI: 1885 eI: qoN 1905 eI: q`k ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs pUrI qrW nwl audwrvwdI nyqwvW iProjSwh mihqw, dwdw BweI nwrOjI, suirMdr nwQ bYnrjI gopwl ikRSn goKly Aqy mdn mohn mwlvIAw Awid dy ADIn kMm krdI rhI, ies leI ies smyN( ) nUM audwrvwdI Xu`g ikhw jWdw hY[ iProjSwh mihqw gopwl ikRSn goKly

ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dw kwrjkRm ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dy nyqw SWqmeI FMg nwl AwpxIAW mMgW srkwr A`gy pyS krdy sn[ auhnW nUM ivSvwS sI ik srkwr auhnW dIAW mMgW prvwn kr lvygI[

audwrvwdIAW dIAW sPlqwvW audwrvwdI nyqwvW dIAW koiSSW sdkw 1892 eI: iv`c ieMglYNf dy pwrlImYNt ny ieMfIAn koNislj AYkt pws kIqw, ijs Anuswr kwnUMn inrmwx koNislW iv`c BwrqIAW nUM sQwn id`qw igAw[ audwrvwdI nyqwvW dIAW koiSSW sdkw hI AMgryj srkwr ny Bwrq iv`c AweI.sI.AYs. pRIiKAw lYx dw pRbMD kIqw[

rwStrI AMdoln, eI: iv`c lwrf krjn ny ihMdUAW Aqy muslmwnW iv`c Pu`t pwaux leI bMgwl dI vMf kr id`qI[ bMgwl dI vMf hox nwl BwrqI lokW iv`c rwStrI cyqnw pYdw ho geI Aqy rwStrI AMdoln dw pRswr hoieAw[ lwrf krjn

svdySI Aqy bweIkwt AMdoln 1905 eI: iv`c lwrf krnj duAwrw bMgwl dI vMf kr id`qI[ijs nwl bMgwl iv`c svdySI Aqy bweIkwt AMdoln SurU ho igAw Aqy jldI hI Bwrq dy bwkI ihisAW iv`c vI PYl igAw[

augrvwd dw auQwn augrvwd dy auQwn dy kwrn: audwrvwdI nyqw AwpxIAW mMgW pUrIAW nw krvw sky[ pVHy-ilKy byrujgwrW dI igxqI iv`c vwDw[ eI: iv`c Bwrq iv`c kwl pYx nwl l`KW lokW dI mOq ho geI, pr AMgryj srkwr ny lokW dI mdd nw kIqI, ijs krky BwrqI lokW ny augrvwdI AMdoln dI hmwieq kIqI[

augrvwd dw auQwn Lwlw lwjp`q rwey, bwl gMgwDr iqlk Aqy ivpn vrgy nyqwvW ny augrvwdI AMdoln SurU kIqw[ bwl gMgwDr iqlk ny ikhw sI svrwj myrw jnm is`D AiDkwr hY Aqy mYN iesnUM pRwpq krky rhWgw[ Lwlw lwjp`q rwey bwl gMgwDr iqlk

augrvwdIAW dy audyS pUrn svrwj dI pRwpqI Bwrq Aqy ieMglYNf ivckwr sMbMD Kqm krny[

audwrvwdIAW aqy augrvwdIAW dIAW nIqIAW iv`c AMqr lVI nMbraudwrvwdIaugrvwdI 1. nyqwdwdw BweI nwrOjI, suirMdrnwQ bYnrjI, iProjSwh mihqw Awid[ ivpn cMdr, bwl gMgwDr iqlk, lwlw lwjp`q rwey[ 2. dlnrm dlgrm dl 3. AMgryj srkwr pRqI rv`eIAw sihXogIivroDI 4. kMm krn dw FMg nrmI nwlSkqI dI vrqo

ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs iv`c Pu`t, 1907 eI: grm dl dy nyqwvW nUM ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dy audyS Aqy nIqI psMd nhIN sI[ 1907 eI: iv`c sUrq iv`Ky iek smwgm dorwn ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dw pRDwn cunx smyN nrm dl Aqy grm dl ivckwr JgVw ho igAw[ ies qrW grm dl Al`g ho ky kMm krn lg ipAw[

kRWqIkwrI AMdoln kRWqIkwrI AMdoln grm dl duAwrw SurU kIqw igAw[ ies dw mu`K audyS Bwrq iv`coN ibRitS rwj dw AMq krnw sI[ pMjwb iv`c kRWqIkwrI AMdoln dy mu`K nyqw srdwr AjIq isMG, ipMfI dws, lwl cMd Plk Awid sn[ srdwr AjIq isMG

AiBAws

KwlI sQwn Bro ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dI sQwpnw eI: nUM hoeI[ kWgrs dy pihly smwgm iv`c pRqIinDIAW ny ih`sw ilAw[ kWgrs dy smyN nUM ikhw jWdw hY[ ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dy nyqw FMg nwl AwpxIAW mMgW srkwr A`gy pyS krdy sn[

pMjwb iv`c AMdoln dy mu`K nyqw srdwr AjIq isMG, ipMfI dws, lwl cMd Plk Awid sn[ grm dl dy nyqwvW nUM ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dy psMd nhIN sI[ kRWqIkwrI AMdoln duAwrw SurU kIqw igAw[

ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dI sQwpnw 28 dsMbr, 1885 eI: nUM hoeI[ kWgrs dy pihly smwgm iv`c 72 pRqIinDIAW ny ih`sw ilAw[ kWgrs dy smyN nUM audwrvwdI Xu`g ikhw jWdw hY[ ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dy nyqw SWqmeI FMg nwl AwpxIAW mMgW srkwr A`gy pyS krdy sn[

pMjwb iv`c kRWqIkwrI AMdoln dy mu`K nyqw srdwr AjIq isMG, ipMfI dws, lwl cMd Plk Awid sn[ grm dl dy nyqwvW nUM ieMfIAn nYSnl kWgrs dy audyS Aqy nIqI psMd nhIN sI[ kRWqIkwrI AMdoln grm dl duAwrw SurU kIqw igAw[

TIk glq kWgrs dy pihly smwgm iv`c 80 pRqIinDIAW ny ih`sw ilAw[ kRWqIkwrI AMdoln nrm dl duAwrw SurU kIqw igAw[ bwl gMgwDr iqlk ny ikhw sI svrwj myrw jnm is`D AiDkwr hY Aqy mYN iesnUM pRwpq krky rhWgw[ kRWqIkwrI AMdoln dw mu`K audyS Bwrq iv`coN ibRitS rwj dw AMq krnw sI[

glq TIk h~l

Coty au~qrW vwly pRSn pR:- kWgrs dy pihly smwgm iv`c ikMny pRqIinDIAW ny ih`sw ilAw[ uau~:- kWgrs dy pihly smwgm iv`c 72 pRqIinDIAW ny ih`sw ilAw[ pR:- bwl gMgwDr iqlk ny svrwj bwry kI ikhw sI? au~:- bwl gMgwDr iqlk ny ikhw sI svrwj myrw jnm is`D AiDkwr hY Aqy mYN iesnUM pRwpq krky rhWgw[

pR:- kRWqIkwrI AMdoln iks duAwrw SurU kIqw igAw? au~:- kRWqIkwrI AMdoln grm dl duAwrw SurU kIqw igAw[ pR:- svdySI Aqy bweIkwt AMdoln kdoN SurU hoieAw? au~:- svdySI Aqy bweIkwt AMdoln 1905 eI: iv~c SurU hoieAw[

v~fy au~qrW vwly pRSn pR:- kWgrs dI sQwpnw ikvyN hoeI ivsQwrpUrvk ilKo[ pR:- kWgrs dy audwrvwdI Xu~g bwry ivsQwrpUrvk ilKo[ pR:- augrvwd dy au~Qwn dy kI kwrn sn?

Bibliography pMjwb rwj is~iKAw borf dI A~TvIN jmwq dI smwijk is~iKAw ivSy dI pwT pusqk[

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