scaffolding

Standards-vertical members of frame work embedded into ground Ledgers-horizontal members parallel to wall Putlogs-transverse pieces placed on ledgers which are supported on wall Transoms-putlogs with both ends supported on ledgers Braces-diagonal pieces Bridle-brige an opening in a wall it supports one end in putlog Guard rail-rail provided with ledger Raker- inclined support

SINGLE SCAFOLDING

Single scaffolding Widely used in brick work Single row of standards at a distance of 1.2m Putlogs are placed at horizontal distance of 1.2 to 1.8m

Stronger than single scaffolding Two rows of standards are provided Distance between face of wall and first row of standards is 200mm to 300mm

Cantilever or needle scaffolding May be single or double scaffolding Needle supported on floor level

Suspended scaffoldings Used for maintainance works Working platform suspended from roof by ropes, wires or chains

Trestle scaffolding Working platform supported by ladders, tripods mounted on wheels Height of this type of scaffolding is 5m fro supporting surface.

TRESSLE SCAFOLDING

Steel scaffolding Steel tubes effectively used for scaffolding work Can be used to any height High intial cost Skilled labour required

Patented scaffolding Made of steel Use of working platform supported by bracket

PATENDED SCAFOLDING

SHORING

shoring They are temporary structures Structures become unsafe due to unsettlement of foundations or removal of adjacent building Shoring is required to prevent movements.

Circumstances when shoring is required Adjascent structures is diamantled Cracks due to unequal settlement of foundation Large openings in walls Poor workmanship

Types of shoring Raking or inclined shores Flying or horizontal shores Dead or vertical shores

Raking shores Consist of wall plate ,needles,cleats,rakers, bracings,sole plate Rakers prevent outward movement of wall Large factor of safety is used for designed of inclined shores Rakers inclined at 45ᵒ Sole plate at ground

Flying or horizontal shores

Flying or horizontal shores Horizontal support to parallel walls Consist of wall plate ,needles,cleats,struts etc Suitable for max distance of about 9m

Dead or vertical shores

Dead or vertical shores Needles are supported by vertical members called shores. Used under following circumstances Lower part of wall is defective -foundations are deepened -lower part is to be rebuilt

UNDERPINNING

underpinning Placing of new foundation above existing foundation

Circumstances used for underpinning Building with deep foundations constructed to near building Settlement of existing foundation Basement is to be provided to existing building Existing foundations to be deepened