Mesopotamia - The Land Between Two Rivers Mesopotamia was a place where many cities began to grow. As its name suggests, Mesopotamia was located between two rivers. The two rivers were the Tigris River and the Euphrates River. Mesopotamia was located in the Middle East, and surrounded by desert. People came to Mesopotamia because the soil between the two rivers was very fertile.

USA Mesopotamia was located in the Middle East.

Mesopotamia was located in what is now the country of Iraq.

Mesopotamia was part of a larger region called the Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia was part of a larger region called the Fertile Crescent. This area, that stretched from the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea down to the Persian Gulf, had fertile soil and was where many civilizations started. The shape is somewhat similar to a crescent (think of a crescent roll, or a crescent-shaped moon).

The Cradle of Civilization Mesopotamia is located in the Middle East, which is located in Southwest Asia. As we’ve discussed before, the first civilizations and examples of writing were found in Southwest Asia. These things began in Mesopotamia. When a newborn baby begins life, he or she is placed in a cradle. Mesopotamia is called the cradle of civilization because the first civilizations began there, about 5,500 years ago in 3500 B.C.

Sumer The first major civilization in Mesopotamia was in a region called Sumer. Print out 8-13 for them

City-States Formed Along the Rivers Many city-states formed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. They each had their own form of government, and the people worshipped different gods and goddesses. Eventually, they each had their own kings. The region where the two rivers meet was called Sumer. The people who lived in the Sumer region were called Sumerians.

Why Did These Cities Develop? Due to the fertile soil in Mesopotamia, farming was very successful. In fact, people were able to create surpluses of food. This meant that some people could stop farming and begin doing other things, like building a city. As cities began to develop, people began to worry about others who might come and invade their city. They wanted to protect themselves from enemies, so people in Mesopotamia built walls around their cities.

A Sumerian City Sumerian city streets were so narrow that you could hardly get a cart through them. Narrow Streets Sumerian houses faced away from crowded streets. Instead, they faced onto courtyards where families ate and children played. Courtyard Area

Sumerian Cities On hot nights, people slept outdoors on the top of their house’s flat roof. Sumerians had a form of light at night. They burned oil lamps. Sumerians even had plumbing! Clay pipes that were buried underground carried their waste away. Inventions like plumbing wouldn’t come around for another thousand years in other parts of the world!

City-states Each Sumerian city and the land around it became a separate city-state. Each city-state had its own _____________ Each city-state had its own __________(protected over the city-state) Each city-state believed in __________________ (polytheism) At the center of the city-state was the ____________________

City-states Each Sumerian city and the land around it became a separate city-state. Each city-state had its own government and was not part of any larger unit. Each city-state had its own god (protected over the city-state) Each city-state believed in many gods (polytheism) At the center of the city-state was the ziggurat (temple).

Writing The most important invention of the Sumerians was writing. The writing of the Sumerians was called cuneiform.

Sumerians Writing first began in Sumerian cities. The first schools were set up in Sumer over 4,000 years ago. Sumerian schools taught boys the new invention of writing. Those who graduated became professional writers called scribes. Scribes were the only people who could keep records for the kings and priests. Boys that wanted to be scribes had to attend school from the age of 8 to the age of 20. Remember, Sumer is the region where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers meet.

Sumerian Writing Scribes used a sharp point called a stylus to etch words into clay tablets. These tablets have been discovered by archaeologists and looked at by historians.

Cuneiform alphabet

Sumerian Religion Sumerians worshipped many gods, not just one. This belief in many gods is called polytheism. “Poly” means many and “Theism” means gods. The picture above shows a ziggurat. Ziggurats were the main temples used to worship the gods of a city. Ziggurats were built in the center of the city. They had steps and ramps, and it was believed that the gods descended to the Earth using the ziggurat as a ladder.

Sumerian Mythology Sumerian myths, or stories, explained people’s beliefs. Sumerians believed that a person must keep the gods happy by going to the ziggurat and praying to them. They believed that the gods would reward them for good service. They also believed that the gods would punish the people who made them angry. ziggurat Gods

Sumerian ideas about kingship would later have a huge impact on later civilizations. Each city-state was believed to be under the protection of a particular god who looked after them. Sumerians believed that the kings were chosen by gods to carry out the gods’ wishes. The also believed that the right to rule was god given. The Sumerians were the first to practice this. (Divine Kingship) They also believed that the right to rule could be passed down from father to son. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axVubWiGUMM&t=176s ziggurat

The World's First Emeror The world’s first great civilization was called Sumer. Sadly, it was also the first great civilization to be conquered. Use your questioning strategy to learn more information about this statement! (Remember your 5 W’s!)

The Downfall of the Sumerians Each of the Sumerian city-states had a ruler, and these city-states began fighting each other. They fought over land and the use of river water. Since the Sumerians were constantly at war with each other, they became weak. By around 2300 BC, Sumer was so weakened that a King from Northern Mesopotamia came down to Southern Mesopotamia and united all of Mesopotamia under one single ruler.

The World’s First Empire Emerges The Sumerian people lost their city-states to the Akkadians who were from the north. The king of the Akkadians was Sargon. Sargon conquered all of Mesopotamia around 2340 B.C. and created the world’s FIRST EMPIRE! EMPIRE: a group of many different lands under one ruler Sargon passed his empire on to his son. A ruling family is known as a dynasty. After 200 years, Sargon’s empire fell to a new group of people who created Babylon. From 1793 B.C. to 1750 B.C. Hammurabi was the king of Babylon. ziggurat

The World’s First Empire Emerges The Sumerian people lost their city-states to the ______________ who were from the _________________. The king of the Akkadians was __________________. Sargon conquered all of Mesopotamia around 2340 B.C. and created the world’s FIRST ___________________! _____________: a group of many different lands under one ruler Sargon passed his empire on to his son. A ruling family is known as a __________________ After 200 years, Sargon’s empire fell to a new group of people who created Babylon. From 1793 B.C. to 1750 B.C. Hammurabi was the king of Babylon. ziggurat

Imagine a world without any laws. What do you think would happen? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDALXORbtR4 ziggurat

Imagine a world without any laws. What do you think would happen? WHY DO SOCIETIES HAVE LAWS IN PLACE? On your post-it, jot down one example of a law that someone has broken. What would happen if there was no punishment/consequence for that crime? Example: TRESPASSING If there were no laws stopping people from coming into someone’s home without being invited, what would happen? ziggurat

At each station, brainstorm as many laws/rules you can think of relating to that element of society. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDALXORbtR4 Home example: School Community ziggurat