Multi-modal transport workshop session Non-Motorised Transport Users: Do drivers perceive them as a risk in traffic? K. Venter SATC 2017 Multi-modal transport workshop session 14:00 12 July 2017

CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Background & Context 3. Overview of methodology 4. Overview of findings 5. Towards a safe system 6. Conclusion

PART 1

Nr people/100 000 killed in SA in RTCs 1. Introduction Human factors are a contributing cause in 72 % - 78.8 % Pedestrian deaths form the bulk (>30 %) of these deaths The most prominent human factors contributing to pedestrian deaths are: Pedestrians jaywalking: 38.8 % -41 % “hit and run”: 18.5 % -21 % Intoxicated pedestrian: 1.8 % (RTMC, 2016) Intoxicated cyclist: 0.1 % (RTMC, 2016) Source Nr people/100 000 killed in SA in RTCs NRSS (DoT, 2015) 27.5/100 000 RTMC 2015 26/100 000 RTMC 2016 25.2/100 000

2. BACKGROUND & CONTEXT SSM as a potential approach to understanding non-motorised transport users in South Africa SSM = alternative planning tool to improve and facilitate better decision-making about planning practices for non-motorised transport facilities in South Africa (Van Rooyen & Labuschagne, 2016). Do South African drivers acknowledge NMT users as a risk in the driving environment/ adapt behaviour accordingly? (Customers; Actors; Transformation; World View; Owners; Environment)

Videos and selected videos 2. BACKGROUND & CONTEXT SELECTED FINDINGS FROM EQUIPMENT Nr days driven Nr of movement s Number of trips Total Km travelled Average km travelled Total 238 1284153 1755 14119.10 7.175 Previous collected NDS data Experienced vs. novice drivers Videos and selected videos Hours of video Amount of minutes (Hazlocs) Km travelled in videos Total 255 hours in total 346 minutes (7 hours) 270.90

2. BACKGROUND

Risk is associated with uncertainty of outcomes “situational awareness” or - “knowing what is going on around you” and inherently “knowing what is important” (Endsley, 2000) Perception of risk in traffic is the ability to detect potentially dangerous traffic situations early enough to take adequate action. Risk is associated with uncertainty of outcomes Risk mean different things to different people and is dependent on cultural and societal norms. …do not feel at risk due to believing in ones own superior driving skills.

Driver behaviour Mode of transport as a choice Hazard perception in different environments e.g. road condition, geometry, land use, weather, and temporal factors Driver behaviour Complexity of road environments Safe, effective, and credible speed limit/ drivers select the speed at which they travel

3. METHODOLOGY +- 2 hours of image material 129 potentially hazardous situations e.g. vehicles merging suddenly from the left or right; public transport vehicles pulling into or off the road in front of the driver; pedestrians and cyclists in the road way; road workers busy with construction work on the roadway and motorcycles entering or passing the driver. 68 situations involved NMTs or VRUs The corresponding driver-facing camera image material was then analysed to measure driver scanning behaviour Scanning behaviour was coded when the driver turned his/her head towards the NMT user (Scan left or Scan right) or no reaction (Look straight) and measured in seconds.

4. OVERVIEW OF FINDINGS Road workers were not acknowledged at all by either novice or experience drivers (although experience drivers on average drove slower (34 km/h) past these situations vs. novice drivers (43 km/h). Drivers observed 13 % of the 68 potential hazardous situations Pedestrian’s crossings at pedestrian crossings were recognised by novice drivers - who stopped Experienced drivers did not seem to acknowledge pedestrians crossing average speed 43 km/h. Novice drivers recognised pedestrians walking on the right-hand side of the road but not on the left-hand side of the road. Experienced drivers acknowledged pedestrians walking on the left & right side of the road. Experienced drivers spent an average of 10.5 seconds scanning the area along the road when observing an NMT user compared to the novice drivers whom spent an average of 4 seconds.

PART 2

Road safety management Safer roads and mobility 5. TOWARDS A SAFE SYSTEM In May 2011 - SA became a signatory to the Decade of Action for road safety 2011-2020 Pillar 1 Road safety management Pillar 2 Safer roads and mobility Pillar 3 Safer vehicles Pillar 4 Safer road users Pillar 5 Post crash responses 2030 Evidence based research Inform target setting Inform strategies/ programmes Able to monitor and evaluate progress towards goals.

Traffic crashes = 3.4 % of GDP/ Results Focus Social Costs Final Outcomes Intermediate Outcomes Outputs Road Network Planning, design, operation, and use Entry and exist of vehicles and drivers Recovery and rehabilitation of crash victims Coordination Legislation Funding and resources allocation for target programs based on research Promotion R & D and knowledge transfer Monitoring and evaluation Traffic crashes = 3.4 % of GDP/ Cost of pedestrian crashes to the country? % reduction in cost of crashes % reduction in NMT deaths NMT deaths > 30 % of total fatal crashes Human factors : 42 % pedestrians jaywalking / 21 % hit & run NRSS 2015 proposed interventions: Road design/planning and road safety education Address hazard perception with NMT as focus within driver training Design of programs aimed at raising driver awareness towards NMT/behaviour change programs. Reduce NMT deaths with 5 % every five years Research results: drivers possibly do not perceive NMT users as a risk in traffic environment The Road Safety management System (Bliss and Breen, 2009; ISO 39001)

Thank you