Overview of molecular JAK signaling.

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Overview of molecular JAK signaling. Overview of molecular JAK signaling. Ligand binding to cell surface cytokine receptors initiates autophosphorylation of JAK2 and phosphorylation of cytoplasmic receptor tyrosines. STATs bind receptor phosphotyrosines via SH2 domains and translocate to the nucleus to induce expression of effector genes such as antiapoptotic Pim kinase and BclxL, cyclins promoting cell-cycle progression, and SOCS forming a negative feedback loop. JAK2 also activates the PI3K/Akt and the MAPK pathways promoting proliferation and survival. Nuclear JAK2 is involved in epigenetic modifications. The negative regulators SOCS and CBL mark JAK2 for proteasomal degradation, LNK sequesters JAK2 by direct binding, and PTPs dephosphorylate cytokine receptors, JAK, and STATs. The protein inhibitors of STATs (PIAS) prevent STATs from binding target DNA. Stars indicate signaling components with reported genetic alterations. Transcription factors are shown in blue, negative regulators in green. CMML, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia; HD, Hodgkin disease; LGL, large granular lymphocyte leukemia; MF, myelofibrosis; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Sara C. Meyer, and Ross L. Levine Clin Cancer Res 2014;20:2051-2059 ©2014 by American Association for Cancer Research