Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry Water, Solutions, Precipitation Reactions, Acid-Base Reactions, and Reduction-Oxidation Reactions

Solvation Water’s Structure Dissolving a Salt Dissolving Ethanol Electrolytes vs. Nonelectrolytes Strong vs. Weak Acids

Anatomy of a Solution Solute Solvent Molarity Dilution

Precipitation Reactions Solubility Rules Nitrate salts are soluble Alkali metal and ammonium salts are soluble Most chloride salts are soluble…except Ag1+, Hg22+, Pb2+ Most sulfate salts are soluble…except Ca2+, Ba2+, Hg2+, Pb2+ Most hydroxide salts are only slightly soluble…except alkalis…and Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ are marginally soluble Most sulfide, carbonate, chromate, and phosphate salts are only slightly soluble…except alkalis

Precipitation Reactions Molecular Equation Complete Ionic Equation Net Ionic Equation

Acid-Base Reactions Acid Base Net ionic equation

Acid-Base Titrations Titrant Analyte Equivalence point End point Standard solution

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox) Oxidation number

Assigning Oxidation Numbers An atom in an element…0 Monatomic ion…equals its charge Oxygen in covalent cpds…-2 Hydrogen in covalent cpds…+1 Fluorine…-1 Sum must equal charge of cpd or ion When in doubt, assign more electronegative atom to be equal to its monatomic ion’s charge

Balancing Redox Rxns …the half-reaction method Write separate half-reactions without spectator ions Balance non-H and non-O elements Balance O using H2O or OH1- Balance H using H1+ or H2O Balance the charge with e- Normalize the half-rxns Add the half-rxns Cancel like terms on opposite sides and add spectator ions where apropos