DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS GALENICALS DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS

EXTRACTION Extraction term Pharmaceutically involves the separation of medicinally active portions of plant or animal tissues from the inactive or inert components by using selective solvents in standard extraction procedures.

INFUSION An infusion is a dilute solution of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the solids for a short period of time with either cold or boiling water

Decoction Once this is a popular process for extracts of water soluble and heat stable constituents from crude drugs by boiling in water for 15min,cooling ,straining and passing sufficient cold water through the drug to produce the required volume

Digestion This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction. It is used when moderately elevated temperatures is not objectionable and the solvent efficiency of the menstruum in increased thereby

Maceration This process the solid ingredients are placed in a stoppered container with prescribed solvent and allowed to stand for 3 days with frequent agitation The soluble matter dissolved will be filtered magma was washed with sufficient quantitiy of prescribed solvent (mixtures) and the filterates were combined

Percolation Ground solids were mixed with appropriate solvents to make them damp Allowed to stand for 15min Transferred to a percolator and packed Sufficient prescribed solvent is added to saturate the solids The solids are allowed to macerate for 24hrs or for a prescribed time The percolate are collected If necessary percolate is diluted with the solvent to produce a solution to meet the standards

INFUSION POT PERCLATOR PACKED WITH CRUDE DRUG

PERCOLATR WITH STEAM JACKET SIMPLE PERCOLATOR

PERCOLATOR FOR VOLATILE MENSTRUUM PERCOLATOR FOR OPERATION UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE

HOT CONTINOUS PERCOLATION BASKET PRESS

EXTRACTION METHODS Examples A. MACERATION Simple maceration Maceration of unorganized drug / Maceration with adjustment iii) Multiple Maceration a) Double maceration b) Triple maceration Tincture of Orange Tincture of Lemon Tincture of Squill.   Tincture of Tolu Balsam Compound Tincture of Benzoin Concentrated infusion of orange. Concentrated infusion of chirata Concentrated infusion of gentian Concentrated infusion of Quassia Concentrated infusion of Senna

Continuous hot percolation / Soxhlation EXTRACTION METHODS Examples B. PERCOLATION Simple percolation Reserved percolation Continuous hot percolation / Soxhlation C. INFUSION Fresh infusion ii) Concentrated infusion D. DECOCTION Tincture of Belladonna Compound tincture of cardamom Strong tincture of ginger etc. Liquid extract of Liquorice Cantharidin from cantharides Alkaloids from seeds   Fresh infusion of Quassia Concentrated compound infusion of chirata Concentrated compound infusion of gentian No official preparations in IP or BP.

Comparison between the methods of extraction Extraction method Time for extraction Temperature Characteristics of the active constituents Maceration 3-7 days Room temp Soluble in the menstruum Heat stable / unstable Percolation 24 hours Digestion Few days Moderately high Cold or boiling water Heat stable Infusion Short period Boiling water Readily soluble Decoction 15 mins Water soluble

EXTRACTIVE PREPARATIONS

TINCTURES Defined as alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or chemical substances(Iodine tincture) Potency can be adjusted following the assay 10gm drug/100ml tincture (Potent tincture)

Fluid extracts Defined as liquid preparations of vegetable drugs containing alcohol as a solvent or as preservative or both Each ml fluid extract = 1gm standard drug

EXTRACTS – FORM WISE Solid/Pilular extracts Have consistency to be used as pills Also suited for ointments and suppositories preparation Ex:Pure Glycyrrhiza extract

EXTRACTS – FORM WISE Powdered extracts Better suited to be incorporated as dry formulations as in capsules Drugs that contain inactive oily or fatty matter should be defatted inorder to avoid possible loss of activity of the active constituents Ex: Belladona extract USP

EXTRACTS – FORM WISE Semiliquid extracts or extracts of syrupy consistency They are used to prepare pharmaceutical preparations Mostly they are medicinal agents with therapeutic property as well as they are used as vehicles