DO NOW: Go to Research Assignments 2011-12 and download Searching ppt Think and Discuss with the person on your right, the following questions: 1)“What do I need to know about my topic? 2) How do I search the internet/databases efficiently and effectively to find this information?

The Internet

Boolean Searching George Boole Three Operators AND – requires that all search terms are present in the same record. OR –requires that any of the search terms are present. NOT – requires that a search term not be present. Three Operators English Mathematician 1815-1864 George Boole, lived from 1815 to 1864, he represented logical expressions in a mathematical form known as Boolean Algebra. With the exception of elementary school and some commercial school he was self-educated. In his book "The Mathematical Analysis of Logic“ Boole successfully demonstrated that logic, as Aristotle taught it, could be represented by algebraic equations. Today he is often regarded as the founding father of computing and informtion technology.

Operator "AND"

Operator "OR"

Operator "NOT"

Search Strategies Prepare Your Search By clarifying your search, you can increase your chances of finding what you need fast and effectively. STEP  1:   STATE  WHAT  YOU  WANT  TO  FIND In one or two sentences, state what you want to find on the Internet. For example: 1) I want to find information on popular methods of losing weight. What are the characteristics to look for when purchasing a diamond? 2) When do the Monarch butterflies migrate? STEP  2:   IDENTIFY  KEYWORDS Underline the main concepts in the statement. 1) I want to find information on popular methods of losing weight. What are the characteristics to look for when purchasing a diamond?

BE STEP 3: SELECT SYNONYMS AND VARIANT WORD FORMS List synonyms, alternate spellings, and variant word forms of each keyword. popular common favorite methods method ways way techniques technique losing lose reducing reduce reduction weight fat dieting diet BE

BE STEP 4: COMBINE SYNONYMS, KEYWORDS, AND VARIANT WORD FORMS Combine synonyms with Boolean OR. NOTE: Place parentheses around OR statements. (popular or common or favorite) (methods or method or ways or way or techniques or technique) (losing or lose or reducing or reduce or reduction) (weight or fat or dieting or diet) Use truncation with an asterisk symbol (*) to combine variant word forms. (method* or way* or technique*) (los* or reduc*) (weight or fat or diet*) Combine keywords with Boolean AND. (popular or common or favorite) and (method* or way* or technique*) and (los* or reduc*) and BE

PHRASE SEARCHING Surrounding a group of words with double quotes tells the search engine to only retrieve documents in which those words appear side-by-side. Phrase searching is a powerful search technique for significantly narrowing your search results, and it should be used as often as possible. "John F. Kennedy” "Walt Disney World” "global warming" For best results, combine phrase searching with implied Boolean (+/-) or full Boolean (AND, OR, and AND NOT) logic. +"heart disease" +cause "heart disease" and cause The above example tells the search engine to retrieve pages where the words heart disease appear side-by-side and the word cause appears somewhere else on the page. NOTE ON IMPLIED BOOLEAN LOGIC (+/-): When a phrase search is combined with additional keywords using implied Boolean logic (+/-), you must put a plus or minus sign before the phrase as well as the other keywords. If the search involves a phrase with no additional keywords (e.g., "Walt Disney World"), the plus sign before the quotes is optional. BE

BE PLURAL FORMS, CAPITAL LETTERS, AND ALTERNATE SPELLINGS Most search engines interpret lower case letters as either upper or lower case. Thus, if you want both upper and lower case occurrences returned, type your keywords in all lower case letters. However, if you want to limit your results to initial capital letters (e.g., "George Washington") or all upper case letters, type your keywords that way. Like capitalization, most search engines interpret singular keywords as singular or plural. If you want plural forms only, make your keywords plural. A few search engines support truncation or wildcard features that allow variations in spelling or word forms. The asterisk (*) symbol tells the search engine to return alternate spellings for a word at the point that the asterisk appears. For example, capital* returns web pages with capital, capitals, capitalize, and capitalization. BE

FIELD SEARCHING Field searching is one of the most effective techniques for narrowing results and getting the most relevant websites listed at the top of the results page. A web page is composed of a number of fields, such as title, domain, host, URL, and link. Searching effectiveness increases as you combine field searches with phrase searches and Boolean logic. For example, if you wanted to find information about George Washington and his wife Martha, you could try the following search: +title:"George Washington" +President +Martha title:"George Washington" AND President AND Martha The above TITLE SEARCH example instructs the search engine to return web pages where the phrase George Washington appears in the title and the words President and Martha appear somewhere on the page. Not all search engines support field searching.

+domain:uk +title:"Queen Elizabeth" DOMAIN SEARCH In addition to the title search, other helpful field searching strategies include the domain search, the host search, the link search, and the URL search. “A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control on the Internet.” The DOMAIN SEARCH allows you to limit results to certain domains such as websites from the United Kingdom (.uk), educational institutions (.edu), or government sites (.gov). +domain:uk +title:"Queen Elizabeth" domain:uk AND title:"Queen Elizabeth" +domain:edu +"lung cancer" +smok* domain:edu AND "lung cancer" AND smok* Most websites originating outside the U.S. have a country domain indicating the country of origin. For a list of all country domains, visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_top-level_domains or http://emp.byui.edu/nielsons/countrycodes2012.pdf

HOST SEARCH The HOST SEARCH comes in handy when you need to find something located at a large site that does not have an internal search engine. With this search technique, you can search all the pages at a website (contained in the engine's database) for keywords or phrases of interest. NOTE: Because the major search engines do not always log an entire website, use an internal search engine, if the website has one, for best results. host:www.microsoft.com tutorials

LINK SEARCH Use the LINK SEARCH when you want to know what websites are linked to a particular site of interest. For example, if you have a home page and you are wondering if anyone has put a link to your page on their website, use the Link search. Researchers use link searches for conducting backward citations. link:www.pepsi.com link:www.ipl.org/ref/

PROXIMITY OPERATORS Proximity, or positional, operators (NEAR, ADJ, SAME, FBY) are not really part of Boolean logic, but they serve a similar function in formulating search statements. Not all search engines accept proximity operators, but a few accept NEAR in their advanced search option. The NEAR operator allows you to search for terms situated within a specified distance of each other in any order. The closer they are, the higher the document appears in the results list. Using NEAR, when possible, in place of the Boolean AND usually returns more relevant results. EXAMPLE: phylogeny NEAR ontogeny EXAMPLE: de Vere NEAR Shakespeare Even fewer search engines accept ADJ (adjacent to). ADJ works as a phrase except that the two terms, which must appear adjacent to each other in the webpage, can appear in any order EXAMPLE: Ernest ADJ Hemingway EXAMPLE: endangered ADJ species returns both Ernest Hemingway and Hemingway Ernest; endangered species and species endangered. Other proximity operators, such as SAME (keywords found in the same field) and FBY (followed by), are used as advanced searching techniques in library and other specialized databases that contain bibliographic citations or references to journal articles, but are not yet employed by search engines.

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