Study of external structure MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS Study of external structure

Primary root develops from radicle Morphology of flowering plants The root Primary root develops from radicle Produce secondary, tertiary roots etc Tap root system- primary roots and its branches Fibrous root system- wheat Adventitious root system- other functions- banyan tree

Morphology of flowering plants Regions of root

Morphology of flowering plants Modifications of root Prop roots- banyan tree Stilt root- sugar cane Pneumatophores- mangroves

Morphology of flowering plants stem Nodes and internodes Absorption of water and minerals, conduction anchorage, storage, protection, spreading out leaves, flowers etc

Morphology of flowering plants Modifications of stem Underground stem modification for food storage- potato, ginger etc Tendrils as in cucumber Axillary buds to thorns as in Citrus

Morphology of flowering plants Modifications of stem Photosynthesis- cactus Spreading- grass, chrysanthemum Vegetative propagation- pistia

Morphology of flowering plants leaf From node for photosynthesis Leaf base, petiole and lamina

Morphology of flowering plants leaf In monocotyledons-sheath Pulvinus – in leguminous plants Veins are the channels for conduction

Morphology of flowering plants venation Arrangement of veins and veinlets reticulate parallel

Types of leaves Simple- china rose Morphology of flowering plants Palmately compound leaf -cotton Pinnately compund leaf -neem

Morphology of flowering plants phyllotaxi Pattern of arrangement of leaves Alternate- china rose Opposite- guava Whorled- alstonia

Morphology of flowering plants Modifications of leaf Tendrils- peas Spines- cactus Food storage- onion Acacia- stem modified for photosynthesis insectivorous

Morphology of flowering plants The inflorescence Flower- modified shoot Arrangement of flowers- inflorescence Recemose- ceasalpinia Cymose- jasmine

Morphology of flowering plants Reproductive unit Four whorls on thalamus- calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium Reproductive- androecium, gynoecium perianth Acessory- calyx and corolla

Morphology of flowering plants symetry Actinomorphic- chilly, datura Zygomorphic- pea, cassia Asymmetric- canna

Morphology of flowering plants Trimerous, tetramerous or pentamerous Bracteate, ebracteate

Morphology of flowering plants Perigynous- rose epigunous- sunflower

Morphology of flowering plants Parts of flower Calyx- sepals, green, protection, gamosepalous/polysepalous Corolla- coloured,peltals, gamo/polypetalous

Morphology of flowering plants Parts of flower Arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud aestivation Valvate- calotropis Twisted- cotton Imbricate-cassia Vexillary/papilonaceous- pea

Morphology of flowering plants androecium Composed of stamens Filament and anther Staminode- sterile stamen Epipetalous- attached to petals Epiphyllous- attached to tepals

Morphology of flowering plants androecium Polyandrous- remain free United into one bunch- monoadelphous- china rose Two bundles- pea Varying length- salvinia Polyadelphous- citrus

Morphology of flowering plants gynoecium Made up of carpels Carpel- style, stigma and ovary Ovary bears placenta- ovules Apocarpous- carpels free syncarpous- carpels united

Morphology of flowering plants gynoecium Placentation- arrangement of ovules Marginal- pea Parietal-mustard Free central- primrose Basal- sunflower

Morphology of flowering plants fruit Mature ripened ovary Parthenocarpic fruit- formed without fertilization- banana Pericarp- walls of fruit, fleshy or dry Dry pericarp- epicarp, mesocarp, endocarp- coconut, mango

Morphology of flowering plants seed Ovules develop into seeds Seed coat and embryo Embryo- monocotyledon or dicotyledon

Morphology of flowering plants Dicotyledonous seed Seed coat – testa and tegmen Hilum- scar where seed attached to fruit Embryo- embryonal axis and two cotyledons Micropyle- small pore Embryonal axis- radicle and plumule endosperm

Morphology of flowering plants monocotyledonous seed Seed coat – fused with fruit wall Aleuron layer-separates endosperm and embryo Endosperm bulky One cotyledon- scutellum Radicle is covered by coleorhiza Plumule is covered by coleoptile

Technical description of flowering plant Morphology of flowering plants Technical description of flowering plant Floral formula- Br- bracteate K- calyx C- corolla P- perianth A- androecium G- gynoecium G – superior ovary G- inferior ovary G - half inferior bisexual male actinomorphic female zygomorphic

Technical description of flowering plant Floral diagam Morphology of flowering plants Technical description of flowering plant Floral diagam

K(5) C(5)A5 G(2) Technical description of flowering plant Morphology of flowering plants Technical description of flowering plant K(5) C(5)A5 G(2)

K5 C5A(10) G5 Technical description of flowering plant Morphology of flowering plants Technical description of flowering plant K5 C5A(10) G5

Morphology of flowering plants Description of some important families fabaceae Earlier called Papilionoideae, sub family of Leguminosae Distributed world over Vegetative characters Trees, shrubs,herbs, root with root nodules Erect stem or climber Leaves: alternate, pinnaltely compund or simple, leaf base pulvinate, stipulate, reticulate

Morphology of flowering plants fabaceae Floral characters Recemose inflorescence Flower- bisexual, zygomorphic Calyx- sepals five, gamosepalous, imbricate aestivation Corolla- petals 5, polypetalous, papilionaceous, vexillary aestivation Androecium- ten, diadelphous, anther dithecous Gynoecium- superior, monocarpellary, unilocular, with may ovules

Morphology of flowering plants fabaceae Fruit: Legume, many seeded Floral Formula

Morphology of flowering plants fabaceae Economic importance: pulses- gram, moong, soyabean: Edible oil- soyabean, ground nut Dye- Indigofera Fibres- sunhemp Fodder- sesbania Ornamentals- sweet pea Medicine- muliathi

Morphology of flowering plants solanaceae Called potato family Distributed everywhere Vegetative characters Herbs, shrubs, rarely trees Herbaceous stem, hairy or glabrous Leaves: alternate, simple, exstipulate, reticulate

Morphology of flowering plants solanaceae Floral characters Solitary, or cymose inflorescence Bisexual actinomorphic, Sepals 5 united, persistant, valvate aestivation Petals five Androecium- stemens 5 epipetalous Gynoecium- bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior, placenta swollen

Morphology of flowering plants solanaceae Fruit- berry or capsule Seeds- many endospermous

Morphology of flowering plants solanaceae Economic importance Food- tomato, brinjal, potato Spice- chilli Medicine- belladona Fumigatory- tobacco Ornamentals- petunia

Morphology of flowering plants Liliaceae Called lily family- monocotyledons Distributed everywhere Vegetative characters Perennial herbs with underground bulbs c Herbaceous stem, hairy or glabrous Leaves: alternate, simple, exstipulate, reticulate

Morphology of flowering plants LILIACEAE Floral characters Solitary, or cymose, umbellate inflorescence Bisexual actinomorphic, Perianth- 2 whorls of tepals with 3 united into tube Androecium- stemens 3+3 Gynoecium- tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior, axile placentation

Morphology of flowering plants Liliaceae Fruit- capsule Seeds- endospermous

Morphology of flowering plants liliaceae Economic importance Ornamentals- tulip, Gloriosa Medicine- Aloe Vegetables- Asparagus,Colchisine