Wudu T. Jemberu, M.C.M. Mourits, H. Hogeveen Farmers’ Intentions and Perceptions That Influence Them in Implementing FMD Control in Ethiopia. Wudu T. Jemberu, M.C.M. Mourits, H. Hogeveen EuFMD open session 2016 Cascias, Portugal October 26-28, 2016

Outline Introduction Objectives Methods Result and discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments

1. Introduction Livestock in Ethiopia Contributes to livelihood of 65% of population Contributes to19%GDP and 20%export Large cattle population (57 million) largely (99%) subsistence systems

Introduction... Three main types of production systems

Introduction... FMD is economically the most important disease of livestock Endemic in Ethiopia production losses hampers export trade Plan to launch official control program

Introduction... Successful livestock disease control program requires the motivation of the farmers Motivation may vary among production systems Information about the motivation of farmers to implement different control tools in different production systems is lacking.

Objectives to explore farmers’ intentions to implement foot and mouth disease (FMD) control in Ethiopia, and to identify perceptions about the disease and its control measures that influence these intentions

2. Methodology Health belief model framework health behaviour is determined by the personal beliefs/perceptions about the disease’s risk and available control measures The four basic perception constructs that affect behaviour/intention perception of: susceptibility to the disease severity of the disease benefits of control barriers to implement control Other components like modifying factors

HBM for FMD control

The variables used to measure the HBM constructs Type of variables Variables Relation to the HBM constructs Predictor variables Gender Modifying factors Age “ Educational status Production system Cattle herd size Contribution of livestock to livelihood Frequency of FMD occurrence in own herd Perceived susceptibility Frequency of FMD occurrence in kebele Trend of FMD outbreak occurrence Impact of FMD relative to other production problems Perceived severity Impact of FMD relative to other livestock diseases Effectiveness of vaccination against livestock diseases/FMD Perceived benefits Effectiveness of herd iso. & mov. rist. Cost of FMD vaccination Perceived barrier Ease of handling animals for vaccination Problem of side effects of vaccination Ease of herd iso. & mov. rist.  Dependent variables Intention to implement vaccination with charge Intention to adopt a behavior Intention to implement herd iso. & mov. rist.

Methodology... Data analysis: Intentions and perceptions were measured in percentages Effect of perception constructs on intentions: Binary logistic regression Effect of modifying (socio-demographic and husbandry) factors on perception constructs: Ordinal logistic regression

3. Results and discussion Intentions to implement FMD control measures Control measures Response CLM Pastor al Market oriented    % Vaccination at their own cost yes 42 94 92 no 58 6 8 Vaccination free of charge 97 100 3 Herd isolation and animal movement restriction all the time 18 2 83 82 98 17 Herd isolation and animal movement restriction during outbreak 50 11 86 89 14

1. Vaccination Old > young (P=0.015) Low > high (P= 0.002) CLM> past & MO (P= 0.001) 1. Vaccination

2. Herd Iso. & Mov. Restr. Low < medium, P = 0.009 CLM < past & MO, P < 0.001 CLM > Past, P > 0.001 Low< med & high, P = 0.04 Low > high, P = 0.001 CLM > MO, P< 0.001

4. Conclusions The results of this study showed that: Low intention in CLM farmers for vaccination with cost, and in subsistence farmers (CLM and pastoral) for movement restriction. perception of barriers are important determinants of intention. Perceptions are different in different production systems Disease control promotion programs designed to increase farmer participation in FMD control by vaccination and movement control should give more attention to the barriers of control measures, and Should take into account differences in perceptions among the production systems.

Acknowledgements

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