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All things are made up of matter Matter is composed of very small particles that cannot be seen with the eye. These small particles are always in motion
Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. We know that temperature changes, so the kinetic energy of the particles must change also. The “law of Conservation of Energy” tells us that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Thermal Energy: The total energy of the particles in a material includes both kinetic and potential energy Thermal Energy of a material depends on the total energy of its particles, not the kinetic energy of the object itself
What effects the amount of Thermal energy: The more mass, the more particles, therefore more thermal energy. Different materials have different thermal energies
Heat: The flow of thermal energy due to a temperature difference between two objects. Heat flows from HOT to Cold Heat is measured in calories or joules Calorie: the quantity of heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by one degree Celsius.
Specific Heat: The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg a material 1 Kelvin. measured in joules per kilogram per Kelvin J/(g . °C) Different materials have different specific heats therefore, it takes a different amount of energy to raise two materials one °C Ex. – You can burn your feet walking on concrete to get in a pool and be comfortable when you get in it.
Common Specific Heats: silver 0.24 glass 0.50 aluminum 0.90 steam 1.7 wood 1.8 ice 2.1 grain alcohol 2.4 water 4.18
Calculating Thermal Changes: You cannot measure changes in thermal energy, but they can be calculated. To do this you use a special instrument called a calorimeter A calorimeter is used to measure an increase in water temperature as a basis for finding thermal change.
To find the thermal change use the Equation: Change in Thermal energy = mass x change in temp. x specific heat Q = m x T x C Q = change in thermal energy m = mass of material T = change in temperature C = specific heat of material
Change in Temperature T is found by subtracting initial temperature from final temperature. T = Tfinal – Tinitial If T is a negative(-), Q is also negative(-) because the system has lost energy. Example: A 32 g silver spoon cools from 60C to 20C. What is the change in its thermal energy?
In what ways do people use Thermal Energy in their lives??? Thermal energy is used in many different forms in society.
Thermal Energy on the Move: Conduction: the transfer of energy through matter by direct contact of particles. the particles collide the momentum of the particles is transferred from faster to slower occurs in all states of matter is best in solids, because the particles are so close
Thermal Energy on the Move: Convection: the transfer of energy by the bulk movement of matter. used with fluids: any material that flows (liquids & gases) when heat is added to a fluid, the particles begin to move faster the particles are free to move farther apart or expand Ocean Currents are a global form of convection winds assist the currents with convection of their own.
Thermal Energy on the Move: Radiation: the transfer of energy in the form of waves. energy that travels by radiation is often called Radiant energy. the suns rays travel as radiant energy only a portion of these rays are absorbed by the earth only the radiant energy that is absorbed becomes thermal energy any object warmer than 0 K emits radiation.
Conventional Heating Systems: All heating systems must have a source of energy, such as fuel or electricity
Types of Heating Systems: Radiator Systems: a radiator is a device with a large surface area designed to heat the air near it by conduction convection currents then currents then circulate the heat to all parts of the room energy sources can be electricity or fuel
Types of Heating Systems: Forced-Air Systems: A blower is used to move warmed air through a series of large pipes (ducts) to openings (vents) in each room Warm air circulate by convection, cool air returns to the furnace to be reheated Energy sources can be electricity or fuel
Types of Heating Systems: Electrical Heating Systems: heating coils are enclosed within floors or ceilings and are heated by electrical energy. nearby air is warmed by conduction and people and materials in the room are warmed by radiation energy sources are entirely electrical
Types of Heating Systems: Solar Heating: solar energy can be used to heat buildings
Types of Solar Heating: Passive Solar Heating: use no fans or mechanical devices to transfer heat from one are to another. Southside wall is full of windows other walls are well insulated with few windows heat is absorbed by the walls and objects in the room as the room cools, the heat that was absorbed is released to heat the room
Types of Solar Heating: Active Solar Heating: use solar collectors: devices that absorb radiant energy from the sun the radiant energy that is absorbed, heats water or air which is pumped throughout the house. solar collectors are usually black and covered with glass to reduce energy loss the pipes are located right underneath of the collectors.
Thanks Submitted by Aman Rathi Ghaziabad
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