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Excretion Locomotion Immunity Mixed Diseases/ Disorders 10 Point 10 Point 10 Point 10 Point 10 Point 20 Points 20 Points 20 Points 20 Points 20 Points 30 Points 30 Points 30 Points 30 Points 30 Points 40 Points 40 Points 40 Points 40 Points 40 Points 50 Points 50 Points 50 Points 50 Points 50 Points

What is urine composed of?

Urine Water Salt Urea Ammonia

What’s the difference between excretion and egestion (elimination)

Excretion – removal of metabolic waste from cells Egestion (elimination) – removal of undigested waste; NOT from cells

Which organ forms urea?

The Liver

List the structures that urine passes through from where it’s formed to where it leaves the body

Kidneys Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra

1. What is this structure called? What organ is it found in? What processes occur here? 4. Why does it contain 2 capillaries? 5. What does it produce?

1. nephron 2. kidney 3. filtration, reabsorption, secretion filter, then reabsorb nutrients back into the blood 5. urine

DAILY DOUBLE!!! What is locomotion?

Movement of an organism from place to place

Why are two muscles needed to move a bone in opposite directions?

Muscles can only pull (when they contract) in one direction, not push back (when they relax)

What are the functions of ligaments, tendons, and cartilage?

Tendons – connect muscle to bone Ligaments – connect bone to bone Cartilage – cushions bones at joints; flexible support

Label the diagram 1 2 3 4

flexor extensor tendon ligament 1 2 3 4

List the 5 functions of bone

Functions of Bone Support body structures Protect vital organs Produces red blood cells (some WBCs) Levers for movement Attachment sites for muscles Stores calcium and phosphorus

What is a pathogen?

an agent that causes infectious disease

What is the basis of immunity? A case of mistaken identity (result) (what must the body be able to do?) A case of mistaken identity (result)

The ability to distinguish between “self” (the body’s cells) and “non-self” (foreign substances) Autoimmune Disease

Active or Passive immunity? Infection Breastfeeding Serum injection Vaccine

Active or Passive immunity? Infection - active Breastfeeding - passive Serum injection - passive Vaccine - active

What is the function of each? T cell B cell Helper-T cell Memory cell Phagocyte (macrophage)

Function T cell – kills infected cells B cell – makes antibodies Helper-T cell – activates immune cells Memory cell – remembers antigen Phagocyte (macrophage) – eats, displays antigens

Explain how a vaccine works using the following terms: memory cells, primary immune response, secondary immune response, antigen, antibody

A vaccine contains an antigen or a piece of an antigen (or a dead or weakened pathogen) given to an individual to stimulate the primary immune response. During this response, the individual produces antibodies and memory cells against the antigen. If the individual gets infected with the same antigen again, the memory cells created by the 1st exposure will generate a secondary immune response. Since it is a faster and more powerful response, the secondary response will destroy and remove the pathogen before it disrupts homeostasis.

Y-shaped proteins that grab onto invaders

Antibodies

2 functions of the liver (with respect to blood)

Removes toxins from blood Removes, breaks down old red blood cells

Type of muscle Heart - ? Moves bones - ? Lining of digestive tract - ? DAILY DOUBLE!!!

Type of muscle Heart -cardiac Moves bones - skeletal Lining of digestive tract - smooth

What antibodies in their plasma? Who can they donate blood to? Anti-A serum What blood type? What antigens are present on the RBCs? What antibodies in their plasma? Who can they donate blood to? Who can they receive blood from? Anti-B serum Anti-Rh serum

What blood type? A+ What antigens are present on the RBCs? A and Rh What antibodies in their plasma? Anti - B Who can they donate blood to? A+, AB+ Who can they receive blood from? A- , A+ , O-, O+

Which excretory organ helps regulate body temperature? How? Which excretory organ regulates how much water is in the blood? How?

Kidney – amount of water reabsorption effect of ADH on kidney Skin – sweating (evaporation cools body temperature) Kidney – amount of water reabsorption effect of ADH on kidney (antidiuretic hormone)

Drugs that kill bacteria Problem associated with their overuse

Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotics Antibiotic Resistance

HIV targets and destroys this cell The result

Helper T Cell Immunodeficiency

Name Cause Treatment in newborns

Jaundice Liver can’t remove bilirubin Phototherapy

What is an overreaction to a harmless antigen called? What is the harmless antigen called? What is the chemical produced by the body that is responsible for this overreaction? What treatment is used to counteract the chemical that produces the overreaction?

What is an overreaction to a harmless antigen called? an allergy What is the harmless antigen called? an allergen What is the chemical produced by the body that is responsible for this overreaction? histamine What treatment is used to counteract the chemical that produces the overreaction? an antihistamine

Give an example of an autoimmune disease and how it affects homeostasis.

Juvenile diabetes – pancreatic cells that make insulin are attacked by white blood cells; sugar levels in blood are not regulated Multiple sclerosis – the insulation surrounding nerve cells is attacked by white blood cells; nerve signals are blocked or slowed

Final Jeopardy Make your wager

Final Answer

Final Question