Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Chapter 15 Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Bozeman

Ch 15 Air Pollutants Learning Targets Identify and describe the major air pollutants Describe the sources of air pollution Explain how photochemical smog forms and why it is still a problem in the US Describe how acid deposition forms and why it has improved in the US and become worse elsewhere Explain strategies and techniques for controlling sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter Describe innovative pollution control measures Explain the benefits of stratospheric ozone and how it forms Describe the depletion of stratospheric ozone Explain efforts to reduce ozone depletion Explain how indoor air pollution differs in developing and developed countries Describe the major indoor air pollutants and the risks associated with them

Our Atmosphere IS a Resource Atmospheric Composition ? 78.08% ? 20.95% A? 0.93% Carbon dioxide 0.04% (400 ppm) Ecosystem services Name 1 of 3 in text?

Our Atmosphere IS a Resource Atmospheric Composition N2 78.08% O2 20.95% Argon 0.93% Carbon dioxide 0.04% (400 ppm) Ecosystem services Blocks UV radiation Moderates the climate Redistributes water in the hydrologic cycle

Found Through Entire Global System A? P?: Found in troposphere. Introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or microorganisms into the atmosphere at concentrations high enough to cause harm. Connected system. Natural or anthropogenic.

Air Pollutants: Found Through the Entire Global System Air Pollution: Found in troposphere. Introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or microorganisms into the atmosphere at concentrations high enough to cause harm. Connected system. Natural or anthropogenic.

Natural Sources of Air Pollution Name 2 of 4?

Natural Sources of Air Pollution Volcanoes Lightning Forest fires Plants

Pollution: Natural and Human Made Volcanoes: emit what? Forest Fires: emit what? Living plants: emit what?

Pollution: Natural and Human Made Volcanoes: sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. Forest Fires: particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. Living plants: VOCs (ethylene and terpenes). Sulfur dioxide emissions are 30% natural, nitrogen oxide are 44% natural, and VOCs are 89% natural.

Anthropogenic Sources of Air Pollution What are the biggest sources? 1? 2?

Anthropogenic Sources of Air Pollution On-road vehicles Power plants Industrial processes Waste disposal (incineration)

Air Pollution Around the World Air quality is deteriorating rapidly in developing countries Which country? has an especially bad problem with Particulate Matter & smog Developing countries have older cars Still use this type of? gasoline 5 worst cities in world Name 3 of 5?

Air Pollution Around the World Air quality is deteriorating rapidly in developing countries China has an especially bad problem with Particulate Matter & smog Developing countries have older cars Still use leaded gasoline 5 worst cities in world Beijing, China; Mexico City, Mexico; Shanghai, China; Tehran, Iran; and Calcutta, India

Asian Brown Cloud Video TEDTalks on Air Pollution

Major Air Pollutants There are six Criteria Pollutants that are regulated by the Clean Air Act(1970) under National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide) Primary or Secondary? NOx (Nitrogen Oxides) Primary or Secondary? CO (Carbon Monoxide) Primary or Secondary? PM (Particulate Matter) Primary or Secondary? O3 (Ozone) Primary or Secondary? Pb (Lead) Primary or Secondary?

Major Air Pollutants There are six Criteria Pollutants that are regulated by the Clean Air Act(1970) under National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) SO2 (Sulfur Dioxide) Primary NOx (Nitrogen Oxides) Primary CO (Carbon Monoxide) Primary PM (Particulate Matter) Primary O3 (Ozone) Secondary Pb (Lead) Primary

Name all 6- again… Major Air Pollutants There are six Criteria Pollutants that are regulated by the Clean Air Act(1970) under National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Name all 6- again…

Anthropogenic Emissions Monitored by the ???. Clean Air Act and amendments require that the ---stablish standards to control pollutants. All criteria air pollutants have increased? Remained the same or ? decreased in the US over the last two decades.

Anthropogenic Emissions Monitored by the EPA. Clean Air Act and amendments require that the EPA establish standards to control pollutants. All criteria air pollutants have decreased in the US over the last two decades.

Other air pollutants not on the NAAQS list (but still important): CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) Hg (Mercury) VOC’s (Volatile Organic Chemicals)

17_11.JPG Guess the legend? Figure 17-11 Title: EPA's national ambient air quality standards. Caption: Roughly 122 million Americans live in counties that in 2005 failed to meet the EPA's national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for at least one criteria pollutant. This map shows counties that failed to attain the standards for one (green) through four (red) of the six criteria pollutants. Data from U.S. EPA. Notes: Keywords: atmosphere, air pollution, criteria pollutants Guess the legend?

17_11.JPG Figure 17-11 Title: EPA's national ambient air quality standards. Caption: Roughly 122 million Americans live in counties that in 2005 failed to meet the EPA's national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for at least one criteria pollutant. This map shows counties that failed to attain the standards for one (green) through four (red) of the six criteria pollutants. Data from U.S. EPA. Notes: Keywords: atmosphere, air pollution, criteria pollutants

Primary and Secondary Pollutants Primary Pollutants DEFINE? CO, CO2, SO2, NOx and most suspended particulate matter. Includes many VOCs

Primary and Secondary Pollutants Primary Pollutants Come directly out of the smokestack, exhaust pipe or natural emission source. CO, CO2, SO2, NOx and most suspended particulate matter. Includes many VOCs

Secondary Pollutants Primary pollutants that have undergone transformation in the presence of what other compounds? Occurs more in the day within wet environments. O???: Formed as a result of the emission of the primary pollutants NOx and VOCs in the presence of sunlight. S?? and nitrate (NO3-) the main components of acid deposition are secondary pollutants.

Secondary Pollutants Primary pollutants that have undergone transformation in the presence of sunlight, water, oxygen and other compounds. Occurs more in the day within wet environments. Ozone: Formed as a result of the emission of the primary pollutants NOx and VOCs in the presence of sunlight. Sulfate (SO42-) and nitrate (NO3-) the main components of acid deposition are secondary pollutants.

Major Air Pollutants S + O2 = SO2 (Primary Air Pollutant) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfuric acid: About 1/3 of SO2 occurs naturally (volcanoes & fires) About 2/3 from human sources (mostly ?? production & ????). S + O2 = SO2 (Primary Air Pollutant) 2 SO2 + O2 = 2 SO3 (Secondary Air Pollutant) SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 (Sulfuric Acid – Acid Rain)

Major Air Pollutants S + O2 = SO2 (Primary Air Pollutant) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfuric acid: About 1/3 of SO2 occurs naturally (volcanoes & fires) About 2/3 from human sources (mostly metal production & combustion of coal and oil). S + O2 = SO2 (Primary Air Pollutant) 2 SO2 + O2 = 2 SO3 (Secondary Air Pollutant) SO3 + H2O = H2SO4 (Sulfuric Acid – Acid Rain)

SO2 leads to formation of WHICH TYPE OF? Smog

SO2 leads to formation of Industrial Smog

Major Air Pollutants Carbon oxides: Which gas? is a highly toxic gas that forms during the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials. 93% of carbon dioxide (CO2) in troposphere occurs as a result of the carbon cycle (7% anthropogenic)

Major Air Pollutants Carbon oxides: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a highly toxic gas that forms during the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials. 93% of carbon dioxide (CO2) in troposphere occurs as a result of the carbon cycle (7% anthropogenic)

Major Air Pollutants Suspended particulate matter (PM): Consists of a variety of solid particles and liquid droplets Natural sources: Volcanoes, fires, pollen, dust Anthropogenic sources: FF combustion, agriculture The most harmful forms of PM are which ones? PM causes ~60,000 premature US deaths per year

Major Air Pollutants Suspended particulate matter (PM): Consists of a variety of solid particles and liquid droplets Natural sources: Volcanoes, fires, pollen, dust Anthropogenic sources: FF combustion, agriculture The most harmful forms of PM are fine particles (“PM- 10”, with an average diameter < 10 micrometers) and ultrafine particles (“PM-2.5”). PM causes ~60,000 premature US deaths per year

Major Air Pollutants Nitrogen oxides and nitric acid: Nitrogen oxide (NO) forms when nitrogen and oxygen gas in air react at the high-combustion temperatures in what two sources? NO can also form from lightening and certain soil bacteria. NO reacts with air to form NO2. NO2 reacts with water vapor in the air to form nitric acid (HNO3) and nitrate salts (NO3-) which are components of what???????????????.

Major Air Pollutants Nitrogen oxides and nitric acid: Nitrogen oxide (NO) forms when nitrogen and oxygen gas in air react at the high-combustion temperatures in automobile engines and coal- burning plants. NO can also form from lightening and certain soil bacteria. NO reacts with air to form NO2. NO2 reacts with water vapor in the air to form nitric acid (HNO3) and nitrate salts (NO3-) which are components of acid deposition.

Which type of smog? Which type of smog?

Major Air Pollutants Name this major air pollutant: Is a highly reactive gas that is a major component of photochemical smog. It is a secondary air pollutant It can Cause and aggravate respiratory illness (soft tissues). Aggravate heart disease. Damage plants, rubber in tires, fabrics, and paints.

Major Air Pollutants Ozone (O3): Is a highly reactive gas that is a major component of photochemical smog. It is a secondary air pollutant It can Cause and aggravate respiratory illness (soft tissues). Aggravate heart disease. Damage plants, rubber in tires, fabrics, and paints.

Name this metal??? Trace metal, occurs naturally in rock and added to gas and oil. Traveled in the air and was deposited all over the globe. Phased out in gas and oil from 1975-1996.

Lead (Pb) Trace metal, occurs naturally in rock and added to gas and oil. Traveled in the air and was deposited all over the globe. Phased out in gas and oil from 1975-1996.

Name this metal?? Found in coal and oil. Toxic to to central nervous systems. Subject to bioaccumulation. Coal fired electricity generation present the largest source of its release.

Mercury (Hg) Found in coal and oil. Toxic to to central nervous systems. Subject to bioaccumulation. Coal fired electricity generation present the largest source of mercury release.

Major Air Pollutants Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): VOCs include name 3 Contribute to formation of Photochemical Smog

Major Air Pollutants Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): VOCs include industrial solvents such as acetone, trichloroethylene (TCE), benzene, paints, vinyl chloride and fuels like gasoline. Contribute to formation of Photochemical Smog

Smog (1)? Smog: oxidants such as ozone, also know as LA-type smog or brown smog. Sulfurous Smog: sulfur dioxide and sulfate compounds also known as London-type smog or which color? smog. Atmospheric Brown Cloud: combination of ozone and particulate matter. Comes from combustion of fossil fuels and burning biomass.

Smog Photochemical Smog: oxidants such as ozone, also know as LA-type smog or brown smog. Sulfurous Smog: sulfur dioxide and sulfate compounds also known as London-type smog or gray smog. Atmospheric Brown Cloud: combination of ozone and particulate matter. Comes from combustion of fossil fuels and burning biomass.

Photochemical Smog Smog and Ozone still present problems in the US. What combines to give = Ozone

Photochemical Smog Smog and Ozone still present problems in the US. Sunlight + Nitrogen Oxides + Few VOCs (forms) => Ozone When sunlight dies down nitrogen oxide is still present and ozone combines with the NO and reforms into O2 and NO2.

When VOCs are present they combine with nitrogen oxide. This means the nitrogen oxide is not available to break down ozone by recombining with it. Ozone then accumulates. Emissions of VOCs from vegetation increase as temperature increases. NOx increase as air-conditioning demands increase.

Photochemical Smog Production Video Reviews

Name this process? When a layer of warm air covers cold air. Emissions can be trapped in the lower layer. Chinese city of Tianjin: turned off their central heating then suffered a cold spell. Emissions got trapped. Over 1,000 people suffered carbon monoxide poisoning. 11 people died.

Thermal Inversions When a layer of warm air covers cold air. Emissions can be trapped in the lower layer. Chinese city of Tianjin: turned off their central heating then suffered a cold spell. Emissions got trapped. Over 1,000 people suffered carbon monoxide poisoning. 11 people died.

Thermal Inversions make smog worse by trapping it under a layer of cold air

Ch15 Air Pollution Learning Check Two major factors involved in the conversion of primary air pollutants into secondary air pollutants are Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid Nitrogen oxides and sulfates Sulfates and water Water and volatile organic compounds Sunlight and water

Ch15 Air Pollution Learning Check Two major factors involved in the conversion of primary air pollutants into secondary air pollutants are Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid Nitrogen oxides and sulfates Sulfates and water Water and volatile organic compounds Sunlight and water

Ch15 Air Pollution Learning Check Of the following greenhouse gases, ___ concentrations have increased the most since 1750, the beginning of the industrial revolution Water vapor Carbon dioxide Nitrous oxide Ozone Methane

Ch15 Air Pollution Learning Check Of the following greenhouse gases, ___ concentrations have increased the most since 1750, the beginning of the industrial revolution Water vapor Carbon dioxide Nitrous oxide Ozone Methane

Ch15 Air Pollution Learning Check The pollutant LEAST likely to be emitted from an industrial factor’s smokestack would be Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Ozone Sulfur dioxide particulates

Ch15 Air Pollution Learning Check The pollutant LEAST likely to be emitted from an industrial factor’s smokestack would be Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Ozone Sulfur dioxide particulates

Ch15 Air Pollution Learning Check The largest source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the US is ___, followed by___. agriculture; transportation Electricity generation; agriculture Electricity generation; industry Agriculture; electricity generation

Ch15 Air Pollution Learning Check The largest source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the US is ___, followed by___. agriculture; transportation Electricity generation; agriculture Electricity generation; industry Agriculture; electricity generation

Ch15 Air Pollution Learning Check Specific examples of the “criteria pollutants” regularly monitored by the EPA are NO2, SO2 and particulates NO2, SO2 and CO2 NO2, CO2 and VOCs O3, NO, and CO O3, NO, and CFCs

Ch15 Air Pollution Learning Check Specific examples of the “criteria pollutants” regularly monitored by the EPA are NO2, SO2 and particulates NO2, SO2 and CO2 NO2, CO2 and VOCs O3, NO, and CO O3, NO, and CFCs

Ch15 Air Pollution Learning Check Which of the following is NOT yet regulated by the US EPA? Carbon monoxide Ozone Carbon dioxide Particulates Lead

Ch15 Air Pollution Learning Check Which of the following is NOT yet regulated by the US EPA? Carbon monoxide Ozone Carbon dioxide Particulates Lead