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Session Objectives To raise participants’ awareness of summarising and critically evaluating academic sources To introduce the concept of plagiarism and discuss the best ways to avoid plagiarism via summarising and evaluating sources To involve participants in reading and critically reviewing academic papers

Lead in Summarising is a concise restatement in writer’s own words of the main ideas or information from the source(s). Summary is always shorter than the original text and must be written without extended direct quotations or paraphrases. When summarising a source, the writer needs to concentrate on the main points, omitting unnecessary detail such as examples. It is important that a summary should preserve the original meaning of the text, and not contain the writer’s own ideas or comments. Summarising helps writers to avoid plagiarism.

Lead in (contd.) Critical evaluation involves reading the article carefully, analysing it, and evaluating the quality and originality of the research, as well as its relevance and presentation. Its strengths and weaknesses are assessed, followed by its overall value. The writer should not be confused by the term critique: it does not mean that you only look at the negative aspects of what the researcher has done. They should address both the positive and negative aspects.

Lead in (contd.) There is no one definition of plagiarism but there are a number of features common to plagiarism: presenting somebody else’s, e.g., other student’s work, as your own; copying material from books/journals/websites; cutting and pasting from other sources and not referencing/ acknowledging the original author; paraphrasing or summarising information without acknowledging the source of that information within the text and at the end of the assignment; and buying a course work assignment and presenting it as your own. Citing sources prevents accusations of plagiarism, shows good practice and demonstrates critical reading skills (Levin, 2004).

Discussion Do you teach your students summarising academic sources? Do you practise critically evaluating sources with your students in your reading classes? What are some of the approaches or methods that you use in your classes to practice critical evaluation of academic sources? How can summarising and evaluating sources help writers avoid plagiarism?

Activity 1: Reading and Note-taking Read the text (either on Summarising scholarly journal articles or on Critical reviews of journal articles) Pair up with someone else who has read a different text. Ask each other question and discuss the key points on different approaches to summarising and critically evaluating academic sources.

Text A: Key Points Read through the article noting headings and subheadings to understand the author’s organization and structure of the information in the article. Read the abstract (if there is one). Read the article for the gist to get its main ideas. Read the article for details (make notes, highlight..). Look for connections and write the first draft. Read your draft to someone for evaluation. Get your summary into a scholarly style.

Text B: Key Points Convey the content of the article, the author's approach to the subject, and the author's conclusions; avoid a point-by-point listing of themes in favour of a more integrated approach. In the Introduction, include full bibliographic citation, highlight the purpose, objectives, methodology, major findings and conclusions. Organise the body of the critical review by clearly identifiable sections, e.g., Introduction, Methodology, Results, Discussion. In the Conclusion, give your personal judgement on the research. Form an overall evaluation of the research and the article, based on the points made in the earlier parts of your critique.

Activity 2: Poster Presentations In groups of three, prepare a presentation based on the journal article you were asked to read (either Article 1 or Article 2): On the poster, summarise the key points of the article, focusing on the a) Aims of the study, b) Methods, c) Findings, d) Conclusions, and e) Key References. Critically evaluate the key findings of the study. Be ready to present your poster to other groups.

Activity 3: Reflective Discussion What have you learnt about summarising and evaluating academic sources in this session? How will you help your students to overcome the challenges that they might experience with summarising and critically evaluating sources? Any further comments/questions?