Identification of Drug Evidence

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Presentation transcript:

Identification of Drug Evidence Lethal Agents Identification of Drug Evidence

Identification of Drug Evidence Physical Observation - visual inspection. Screening/Preliminary Tests - do not positively identify the substance but do sufficiently narrow down the many thousands of possibilities so that more specific tests can later be conducted. Separation Tests - physically separate elements of the sample. Confirmatory Tests - confirm the specific identity of the drug.

Identification of Drug Evidence Step 1) Physical Inspection Looking at the substance will tell you a lot about what kind of drug it might be. Then you can determine what kind of tests you will use.

Identification of Drug Evidence Step 2) Screening Tests/Spot Tests Spot tests are simple chemical procedures which uniquely identify a substance. They can be done on small samples, even microscopic samples of matter with no preliminary separation. However, a positive result is only probable cause to believe the drug is present.

Identification of Drug Evidence In a typical spot test, a drop of chemical reagent is added to a drop of an UNKNOWN mixture. If the substance in question is present, it produces a chemical reaction characterized by one or more unique observables -- usually color change.

Common Spot Tests Marquis Test: brown=positive for amphetamine; purple=positive for opiates pink=positive for aspirin yellow=positive for psilocybin Simon's Test: blue=positive for methamphetamine

Common Spot Tests Scott's Test: blue=positive for cocaine Duquenois-Levine Test: purple=positive for marijuana Van Erk Test: blue violet=positive for LSD

Common Spot Tests Gallic Acid Test: green=positive for MDMA Dillie Koppanyl Test: blue violet=positive for barbiturates Chen's Test: purple=positive for ephedrine

Identification of Drug Evidence If you got a positive spot test: Step 3) Now you want to confirm the specific identity. You may first have to undergo a purification step to separate the drug from other substances. Usually this involves separation tests such as: gas chromatography mass spectroscopy infrared spectroscopy

Confirmation Testing These separation tests are time consuming and expensive, so they should only be run if completely necessary. GC MS IR

Confirmatory Testing Microcrystalline Tests involve combining the substance with a specific reagent and observing the unique crystal formation with a microscope. They are low cost and fast to administer. Cocaine vs. Methamphetamine

Qualitative vs Quantitative These tests that identify that a drug is present are Qualitative tests. If you need to know how much of a drug is present, that would require Quantitative tests. In some cases, the quantity is important for possession charges.

Identification of Drug Evidence So what if you only have a very minute sample of evidence? If you don't have enough sample to perform all of the necessary tests, what do you do? You will have to be very conservative, Perform non-destructive tests first!