Consultative Workshop on Desalination and Renewable Energy Bridging the Water Demand Gap: Desalination Dr. Fulya Verdier, Dr. Rudolf Baten Fichtner GmbH & Co.KG Muscat, Oman 22-23 February 2011 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Mena Water Outlook, Part II Study objectives Identification of water gap Potential of solar powered desalination to bridge the gap Study approach Key criteria for technology selection Basic features of selected desalination technologies Definition of typical plants Current water situation in the countries of the MENA region Expected water gap in until 2050 Costs of desalinated water Potential of CSP to supply the required energy (separate presentation) Energy needs for desalination in the MENA region by country Focus on renewable energy sources - more specifically on CSP Implementation scenario Potential of CSP to supply the required energy Cost estimates 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Desalination & CSP Main drivers for new desalination projects Extent of water gap Financial strength of country (e.g. % of GDP spent for desalination) Experience with existing desalination facilities Attractiveness to investors (political stability) Development aid Main drivers for new CSP projects Peaking energy prices and undesired dependency on fossil fuel Limited availability of fossil fuel sources Reduction of carbon footprint Government incentives and regulations 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Desalination & CSP Key considerations for desalination plants MED, MSF and SWRO desalination technologies are well-proven Significant improvements achieved (i.e. energy efficiency) Capital and energy intensive Footprint of secondary importance Key considerations CSP plants CSP still in development status, including storage capacities Operational constraints due to limited solar radiation, back-up required Footprint significant Is CSP the bottleneck? 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Desalination & CSP Design constraints for desalination plants Desalination plants are best operated at base load mode Design constraints for CSP plants Variable steam supply from CSP depending on solar irradiance (day/night) Fossil-fired back-up power plant Expensive heat storage Maximum live steam temperature is 370°C (compared to 480-560°C) Relative large footprint, especially for higher Solar Multiple (SM) Plants Largest CSP capacity to date ~ 100 MWe 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

MED: Working principle of an MED unit 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

MED: Process flow diagram of a 14 effect MED unit 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

MED: Key design considerations (I) Capacity Unit production capacity (current maxium: 38,000 m³/d) Number of duty / standby units Energy demand Electrical energy demand (1.5 to 2.5 kWh/m³) Heat demand (order of magnitude: 70 kWh/m³) Steam demand calls for cogeneration of water and power Temperature profile Temperature of heating steam (upper process temperature) Seawater temperature (lower process temperature) Number of effects (performance ratio) 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

MED: Key design considerations (II) Durability Plant availability and service time Material selection (e.g. Titanium tubes in top rows and alu brass tubes in below rows) Operational features Robust in regard to seawater salinity and bio-fouling potential High distillate quality Supplier market Major MED Suppliers: SIDEM (Veolia); others are following 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

MED: One of 12 Fujairah F2 IWPP 38,640 m³/d MED Units 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

SWRO: Working principle of a spiral wound module Feed at high pressure (100%) Concentrate at high pressure ( ≈ 60%) Permeate at low pressure (≈ 40%) Source: Dr.ir. S.G.J. Heijman, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis, http://ocw.tudelft.nl/fileadmin/ocw/courses/DrinkingWaterTreatment1/res00053/embedded/ !4e616e6f66696c74726174696f6e20616e642072657665727365206f736d6f736973.pdf, accessed on 20110218 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

SWRO: RO section of the Singapore 136,000 m³/d Plant 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

SWRO: Key design considerations (I) Operational features Large membrane area and narrow flow cross section cause susceptibility to bio-fouling Pre-treatment process to be adopted to the seawater conditions Seawater salinity and temperature affect the power demand No perfect salt rejection – usually a second pass required Energy Electrical energy demand (order of magnitude: 4 kWh/m³) Absence of heat demand allows for stand alone configuration Method of energy recovery (Pelton turbine, turbocharger or isobaric system) 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

SWRO: Key design considerations (II) Capacity and plant design Plant capacity (current maximum: 500,000 m³/d) Modularity allows a high number of process configurations (e.g. train or centre design) Durability Plant availability and service time Material selection (e.g. super duplex for high pressure section) Supplier market Major Suppliers: Befesa, Cobra/Tedagua, Degremont (Suez), GE, Hyflux, IDE, OTV (Veolia) 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

SWRO: Flow diagram of a typical SWRO process Source: Victorian Desalination Project 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

SWRO: Artists view of the Hamma (Algeria) 200,000 m³/d plant Source: IDA Yearbook 2008 - 2009 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Desalination Market Cumulative capacity put online in and outside the GCC countries 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Desalination Market Online Desalination Capacity sorted by technology and daily capacity 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Desalination Market Forecast Contracted Capacity by Technology (2006-2016) 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Desalination Market Additional Desalination Capacity (2008-2016), 12 MENA countries in TOP 20 ! 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

=> Number & Location in MENA Region Study Approach Desalination & CSP Potential Assessment Water Demand & Availability DATA TECHNOLOGY Desalination CSP + Solar & Land Assessment Installed Capacities Water Power TYPICAL PLANTS => Number & Location in MENA Region Potential Desalination CSP 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Desalinated Water-Share in MENA Water Resources and Water Withdrawals (1960-2010) Water scarcity 1000 m³/cap/yr Source: FAO: Aquastat 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Technology Screening Commercial Desalination and CSP technologies as state-of –the art technologies Desalination: thermal (MSF and MED with a variant of MED-TVC), Membrane-Based Reverse Osmosis MSF will not be further considered due to high costs… MED + RO CSP line concentrating system (parabolic trough and fresnel)  parabol Based on this pre-selection the model composing of desalination and CSP plants will be established. For the MENA region the state-of-the-art technologies will be considered. In view of alternative technologies, there is none being more cost-effective. (Potential future developments will be identified and highlighted qualitatively in the reports.) 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Plant Configurations Dual-purpose plant (MED-CSP) located at coast with seawater cooling Stand-alone plant with RO located at coast and CSP located in inland with air cooling Source: DLR, 2007 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Key Study Features MED Seawater Quality Desalination Process 3 macro-regions MED SWRO MEDIUM 100,000 m³/d LARGE 200,000 m³/d Desalination Process MED / SWRO SMALL 20,000 m³/d Product Water Quality TDS < 200 mg/l Potable Mediterranean Gulf Red Sea Increasing seawater TDS & temp. Industrial Irrigation 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

MED Typical Plant Design “Plain” MED Plant Basic Design Plant design parameters Dimension Data Net output capacity m3/d 100,000 Average annual availability % 94 Number of units No. 3 Unit capacity net 33,333 Recovery 18 Performance Ratio kg/2326 kJ 11.7 (1) Effects / unit 14 Seawater design temperature °C 28 Steam conditions Steam pressure bar 0.35 Steam temperature ~ 73 (1) Considering potential future developments 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

MED Typical Plant Requirements Energy requirement MED Plant Capacity [m³/d] Electrical Energy Demand [kWh/m³] Electrical Equivalent for Heat Demand [kWh/m³ distillate] 100,000 1.55 (1) [ 4.25 - 4.75 ] (2) (1) Including seawater pumping, evaporation, post-treatment without potable water pumping (2) Based on seawater at 28°C and final condensation at 38°C Area requirement MED Plant Capacity [m³/d] Area Requirement [ha] 100,000 1.5 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

MED Typical Plants Fujairah F2 MED SWRO Hybrid Plant, UAE 464,600 m³/d Source: SIDEM 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

SWRO Typical Plant Design SWRO Plant Basic Design Net output capacity m³/d 100,000 Average annual availability % 94 Number of passes No. 2 Second pass capacity control Type Split partial configuration in 1st pass Energy recovery system Isobaric (Pressure Exchanger) 1st pass RO 2nd pass RO Recovery 40 90 Type of membranes SW standard membrane R = 98% BW high boron rejection, caustic soda dosing Average membrane flux l/m2,h 13 - 14 33 - 37 Average annual membrane replacement rate % / y 15 12 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

SWRO Typical Plant: Energy Requirement Region @ selected seawater design parameters Pre-treatment Specific Energy Consumption1 [kWh/m³] Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Ocean @ TDS 39,000 mg/l & 15-30 °C FF1 3.5 MF / UF 4.0 Beach wells / sand filters 3.8 – 3.9 Red Sea & Indian Ocean @ TDS 43,000 mg/l & 20-35 °C 3.7 – 3.8 4.2 Arabian Gulf @ TDS 46,000 mg/l & DAF + FF2 4.2 – 4.3 4.3 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

SWRO Design: Area Requirement SWRO Plant Capacity [m³/d] Pre-treatment Area Requirement 1) [ha] 200,000 FF1 10 MF / UF 9 DAF + FF2 12 100,000 6 5 7 20,000 Beach wells / sand filters 1 1) FF1 including open gravity filters 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Evaluation Cases 4 evaluation cases are conducted in all macro-regions: MED-CSP at coast with seawater cooling  SWRO and CSP at coast with seawater cooling  SWRO at coast and CSP inland with air cooling  SWRO at cost, CSP inland with “solar only” operation and air cooling 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

CAPEX & OPEX Key Cost Data - Typical Plants 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

CAPEX & OPEX Cost Distribution – MED Typical Plant Mediterranean DNI 2400 kWh/m²/yr Fuel NG Arabian Gulf DNI 2400 kWh/m²/yr Fuel NG 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

CAPEX & OPEX Cost Distribution – SWRO Typical Plant Mediterranean DNI 2400 kWh/m²/yr Fuel NG Arabian Gulf DNI 2400 kWh/m²/yr Fuel NG 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Evaluation Cases 4 evaluation cases are conducted in all macro-regions: MED-CSP at coast with seawater cooling  SWRO and CSP at coast with seawater cooling  SWRO at coast and CSP inland with air cooling  SWRO at cost, CSP inland with “solar only” operation and air cooling For the electricity generation by CSP plant DNI classes: 2000 / 2400 / 2800 kWh/m²/y Fossil fuel options: Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) / Natural Gas (NG) Electricity mix for “solar only” option 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Levelized Water Costs by MED Mediterranean Red Sea Gulf 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Levelized Water Costs by SWRO Red Sea Mediterranean Gulf Source: NETL 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Bridging the Water Gap in MENA Water supply (MCM/y) based on within the average climate change scenario for MENA 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Bridging the Water Gap in MENA Excerpt: OMAN Water Production in MCM/y 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Efficiency Gains 30 75 150 245 Unsustainable Extractions CSP Desalination 536 1418 2032 Conventional Desalination 90 297 523 389 44 Wastewater Reuse 37 40 82 139 231 335 Surface Water Extractions 624 657 693 568 567 480 Groundwater Extractions 98 74 65 53 Total Demand BaU 849 994 1328 1780 2475 3145 No of Desalination Plants* installed 15 39 56 *Reference desalination plant capacity: 100,000 m³/d 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Bridging the Water Gap in MENA Excerpt: SAUDI ARABIA Water Production in MCM/y 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Efficiency Gains 826 1606 2485 3271 Unsustainable Extractions 9126 9299 7289 63 CSP Desalination 3400 14144 20172 23656 Conventional Desalination 3434 3946 2950 286 Wastewater Reuse 160 158 1132 2144 3380 4611 Surface Water Extractions 6159 6154 6035 5528 5287 4393 Groundwater Extractions 4082 3297 2438 1911 1508 1227 Total Demand BaU 21527 22341 25066 28283 33182 37158 No of Desalination Plants* installed 93 388 553 648 *Reference desalination plant capacity: 100,000 m³/d 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Bridging the Water Gap in MENA Excerpt: LIBYA Water Production in MCM/y 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Efficiency Gains 41 90 151 220 Unsustainable Extractions 560 183 CSP Desalination 1321 2487 2818 Conventional Desalination 223 757 689 Wastewater Reuse 40 43 265 510 817 1153 Surface Water Extractions 821 871 915 963 1007 943 Groundwater Extractions 2529 3124 2862 1598 1290 1112 Total Demand BaU 4174 4444 4840 5171 5751 6247 No of Desalination Plants* installed 36 68 77 *Reference desalination plant capacity: 100,000 m³/d 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Bridging the Water Gap in MENA Excerpt: MOROCCO Water Production in MCM/y 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Efficiency Gains 1035 2118 3328 4487 Unsustainable Extractions 498 1223 573 24 CSP Desalination 3400 6344 7904 8540 Conventional Desalination 10 25 250 228 Wastewater Reuse 854 1804 2951 4192 Surface Water Extractions 13247 15043 8704 8097 6692 6870 Groundwater Extractions 2632 1213 3148 2130 2160 1971 Total Demand BaU 16387 16281 18613 20721 23608 26084 No of Desalination Plants* installed 93 174 217 234 *Reference desalination plant capacity: 100,000 m³/d 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1

Conclusions Desalination has the potential to close the water gap (basically) Limitations may arise from environmental and financial aspects In most evaluation cases, SWRO appears more favorable, however certain circumstances may call for MED Energy is the major cost item for desalinated water Future developments of electricity cost will highly influence water production costs 6543P07/FICHT-6981353-v1