Personality Chapter 12

What is Personality? Personality is an individual’s characteristic pattern of

Personality: Then and Now Why we have personality Humanistic approach (Jung) What personality is Basic dimensionality of personality Interaction between individuals and environments

Psychoanalytic Perspective Sigmund Freud Developed Developed idea of

The Unconscious Mind Id

Psychosexual Development Oral (0-18 mo.) (18-36 mo.) Phallic ( ) Latency (6-Puberty) (Puberty +)

Defense Mechanisms As a member of society, the individual must repress ‘ ’ urges

Freud: Defense Mechanisms Repression (has been shown to not exist) Reaction Formation

Freud: Defense Mechanisms Displacement Unconscious generation of self justifying explanations Diverts sexual/aggressive impulses towards another object/person Freudian slips Fetishes

Freud One of the tests of this school of thought is the Thematic Apperception Test ( )

Humanistic Perspective Maslow

The Trait Perspectives These theories tend to look for stable and enduring Through factor analysis, psychologists have narrowed down possibilities to two distinct dimensions

Eysenck’s Personality ‘Map’

Biological Influences Extraverts

The Big Five The best approximation of how many distinct personality constructs exist currently rests at Set up as dichotomy between

The Big Five

The Big Five Openness to Experiences Extraversion Neuroticism

Predictability of Behavior Short answer: No

The Social Cognitive Perspective Proposed by Albert Bandura Focus on the interactions between individual and

Notes:

Personal Control Locus of Control Optimism vs Pessimism

Locus of Control Who has the control in the situation? Internals: External Control: : Me Internals: Able to delay gratification, more independent

Learned Helplessness The that an animal or human learns when unable to avoid an event

Optimisim vs Pessimism Optimist Realist

Exploring the Self Possible Selves

Self Esteem The basic feeling that you have self worth

Self Esteem and Culture Several theories on ‘why’ we have it Sociometer People who experience prejudice do not suffer from lower self esteem

Self Serving Bias The readiness to perceive the self as in almost any light which most people have