Animal Form & Function

Question 1: Tissue Types Epithelial: Covers surface of body, lines body cavities. Ex. Skin and stomach tissue Connective: Holds organs in place, supports body. Ex. tendons and ligaments Muscular: Generate physical force and movement Nervous: Controls, coordinates body movement by detecting change and responding. Ex. Brain and spinal cord

Question 2: Bioenergetics Flow of ENERGY through an animal Food digested & absorbed Glucose used to create ATP (cellular respiration) Nutrients also used for cell repair, lipid synthesis, body growth, etc

Question 3a: Size vs Metabolic Rate Metabolic Rate: Amount of energy used per unit time Amount of energy to maintain each gram of body weight INVERSELY related to body size Smaller animals have higher metabolic rate  higher breathing/heart rates *Link between surface area and volume ratios in endotherms

Question 3b: BMR and SMR BMR: Nongrowing, non stressed ENDOTHERM at rest SMR: Non growing, non stressed ECTOTHERM at rest (determined at a specific temperature)

Question 4: Energy Budgets Illustrates how animals allocate energy & resources depending on individual needs as a species What’s Important? Size Gender Endotherm vs ectoterm Behaviours (ex. mating, territoriality)

Question 5a: Homeostasis Maintaining the INTERNAL balance of an organism Ex. Water regulation, body temperature, hormone control

Question 5b: Negative vs Positive Feedback Negative: Change triggers responses to counteract any more changes  return to “normal” conditions Ex. Insulin & blood sugar levels

Positive: Triggers amplification of a change (pushes away from homeostasis) Ex. Oxytocin release during childbirth End point = baby is born!

Question 6a: Endotherms vs Ectotherms Endotherms: Use metabolic heat to maintain constant body temperature Ectotherms: Gain/maintain heat from their environment (have LOW metabolic rate) 6b. Pros and Cons? What do you think? Discuss and add your thoughts in the space provided.

Question 7: Countercurrent Heat Exchange Arteries carry warm blood in parallel to veins (cooler blood) down extremities Venous blood warmed by arterial blood as it cools farther from animal’s core *Minimizes heat loss! *Animals usually immersed in water (ex. dolphins)

Question 8: Heat Exchange Terminology Conduction- losing heat through physical contact with another object or body Convection- losing heat through the movement of air or water molecules across the skin Radiation- transfer of heat from one object to another, with no physical contact involved Evaporation- losing heat through the conversion of water to gas (evaporation of sweat)

Question 9b: Behavioural Responses Hibernation: Decrease in body core temperature (decreased metabolism) -Conserves energy during winter months Migration: Movement to more favourable environment

Question 10: Torpor, Hibernation, Estivation Torpor: Adaptations to save energy by decreasing metabolism & activity Estivation: During hot weather (extreme heat, low water availability) Hibernation: Long term torpor  extreme decrease in body temp