From gene to protein.

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Presentation transcript:

From gene to protein

Process of making a protein DNA -> RNA -> protein Transcription RNA polymerase: separates the DNA (helicase does this in replication) then transcribes the DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) Promoter – the region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to transcription translation

Transcription 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ DNA T A C G T A C G T A C G A T G C A T G C RNA polymerase A T G C A T G C A T G C DNA 5’ 3’

5’ 3’ 3’ 5’ 5’ 3’ Transcription DNA T A C G T A C G T A C G mRNA U A C RNA polymerase A T G C A T G C A T G C DNA 5’ 3’

Translation mRNA A U G A U G C G U A C G C A T U A C tRNA tRNA Ribosome – made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins E site (Exit site) P site (Peptide site) A site (Active site) Small subunit mRNA A U G A U G C G U A C G C A T U A C tRNA tRNA Large subunit Amino acid Amino acid

Translation mRNA A U G C G U A C G C A T U A C tRNA tRNA Ribosome – made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins E site (Exit site) P site (Peptide site) A site (Active site) Small subunit mRNA A U G C G U A C G C A T U A C tRNA tRNA Large subunit Amino acid Amino acid

Translation mRNA A U G C G U A C G C A T U A C U G C tRNA tRNA tRNA Ribosome – made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins E site (Exit site) P site (Peptide site) A site (Active site) Small subunit mRNA A U G C G U A C G C A T U A C U G C tRNA tRNA tRNA Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid

Translation mRNA A U G C G U A C G C A T U A C tRNA tRNA Ribosome – made up of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins E site (Exit site) P site (Peptide site) A site (Active site) Small subunit mRNA A U G C G U A C G C A T U A C codon anticodon tRNA tRNA Large subunit Amino acid Amino acid

Genetic Code

Alternative splice Primary RNA transcript processed Alternative splicing – when a region of DNA has different introns cut out to form different products

Post-transcriptional control 5’ mRNA 3’ exon exon exon A A A A A A 5’ cap 3’-poly-A tail 5’ cap and 3’-poly-A tail prevent degradation

Transcriptional Control in prokaryotes RNA polymerase Repressor promoter operator Gene DNA

Lac operon – an example of translational control activator cAMP lactose CAP RNA polymerase Repressor operator Group of genes = operon promoter CAP-binding site DNA

Transcriptional Control in Eukaryotes Transcription factor RNA polymerase Activator Gene Enhancer promoter DNA Transcription factor bound to RNA polymerase is called an initiation complex

Post-translational modifications Once you’ve made your protein, you can add other chemicals to the protein surface to alter its function Sugars Phosphate

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