On the Integration of Space, Time, and Memory Howard Eichenbaum  Neuron  Volume 95, Issue 5, Pages 1007-1018 (August 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.036 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Schematic Outline of the Spatial and Temporal Information-Processing Systems in the Brain Spatial and temporal perception and cognition are performed in widespread overlapping cortical networks that connect with the hippocampus via the parahippocampal cortex (PHC), which is a major cortical input to the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC). MEC then sends merged spatial-temporal information to hippocampal areas CA3 and CA1. While some studies suggest differential representation of space and time within hippocampal circuitry that could be separately supported by subcortical and cortical pathways, respectively, information about events in space and time are fully integrated in CA1. Neuron 2017 95, 1007-1018DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.036) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Idealized CA1 Mappings of Spatial and Temporal Information by Mixed Selectivity in Different Behavioral Paradigms (A) Place cell maps during foraging behavior in two environments (distinguished by solid and dashed outlines). Some neurons (dark red) code for space only and some (dark blue) for time only. Other neurons signal both space and time by variations in firing rates in the two environments or on different days, respectively. (B) Place cell maps during T-maze alternation. Some neurons (dark blue) fire at specific locations only on left-turn trials and others (dark red) only on right-turn trials. Other cells have higher (blue/red) or lower (light blue/pink) firing rates that differentiate left and right trials, respectively. Yet other cells (black) fire equivalently on both trajectories. (C) Time and distance maps during treadmill running. Some cells (dark blue) fire strongly associated with time and not distance, and others (dark red) fire strongly associated with distance and not time. Other cells (dark and light blue/pink and red) differentially signal time and distance by firing rates, and yet other cells (black) equivalently signal time and distance. Dark red, spatial; dark blue, temporal; lighter blue, rate coding of time > space; lighter red, rate coding of space > time; black, equal coding of space and time. Neuron 2017 95, 1007-1018DOI: (10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.036) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions