Characteristics & Issues for Compact Fluorescent Lamps (AS/NZS EL041 Meeting) Neville R. Watson, University of Canterbury 12 March 2008

Outline 1.Background 2.Types of CFLs 3.Direct Harmonic Penetration Study 4.Detailed Transient Simulations 5.Other Studies 6.Standards 7. Conclusions

Missing Components Fuse on Input Filter Capacitors missing

Same brand September 2007 No Fuse No place for Filter Capacitors Does have PTC

PTC missing

3 rd Pro. Project 2008

Power-factor

Types of CFL Ballasts

Types of CFL No Power-Factor Control Passive Power-Factor Control Valley-Filling (or equivalent) Active Power-Factor Control

Eclipse 20W CFL

OSRAM DuluxStar 20W (2007)

E-Lite CFL (July 2007)

Eco-Bulb (2007)

What is possible for a CFL CFL for North American Market

What is possible for a CFL

Active Power-Factor Control Basic, no filtering Basic, with filteringValley-fill or Equivalent

Active Power-Factor Control Basic, no filtering Basic, with filteringValley-fill or Equivalent

Notice: form bands based on circuit type

Analysis Methods

Frequency Domain Analysis Direct Harmonic Penetration Study

CFL Characteristics

Test System 28,800 ( ) customers modelled

Breakdown of Losses into Branches Branch No. Description 9House Loads 8Service Mains 7LV Feeders 6300 kVA Transformers 511 kV Feeders 433/11 kV Transformers 333 kV Feeders 233/220 kV Transformers 1220kV System

Breakdown of Harmonic Losses into Frequencies

This is like comparing apples and oranges

Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion

21 st Harmonic (1050 Hz) Distortion Level

Detailed Transient Simulations

Effect of voltage distortion on current waveform

Harmonics Very peaky current waveform rich in harmonics

21 st Harmonic Current

4. Detailed Transient Simulations

Fixed Injection Model

PSCAD/EMTDC Study SCRLoading j pu j pu j pu System Strength R= L=8.0214e-5 Run 1 Load Point 1 = Run 5 Load Point 1 = Run 9 Load Point 1 = R=0.075 L=8.0214e-4 Run 2 Load Point 1 = Run 6 Load Point 1 = Run 10 Load Point 1 = R=0.75 L=8.0214e-3 Run 3 Load Point 1 = Run 7 Load Point 1 = Run 11 Load Point 1 = R=7.5 L=8.0214e-3 Run 4 Load Point 1 = Run 8 Load Point 1 = Run 12 Load Point 1 =

Note magnification of injection for CFLs along feeder

Magnification of Voltage along feeder

Weaker system so oscillations at lower frequency

Measurements made on a Domestic Supply Oscillations

Increasing Decreasing For each harmonic there is a system strength and loading where a maxima occurs

Increasing Decreasing

Increasing Decreasing For each harmonic there is a system strength and loading where a maxima occurs

Increasing Decreasing

Other Studies

5. Other studies Study 1: D.J. Pileggi, T.J. Gentile, A.E. Emanual,… et al, The Effect of Modern Compact Fluorescent Lights On Voltage Distortion, IEEE Trans. Of Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 4, Oct. 1993, pp Study 2: F.V. Topalis, Efficiency Of Energy Saving Lamps And Harmonic Distortion In Distribution Systems, IEEE Trans. of Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 4, Oct. 1993, pp Study 3: T.-M. Zhou, X.-Y. Zhu, Y.-L. He, W. Cheng and J. Schlejen, Preliminary Investigation to the Effect of Harmonic Distortion by CFL on Quality of Electric Power Systems, (Published?) Study 4: N. Gothelf, Power Quality Effects of CFLs– A Field Study, RIGHT LIGHT 4, 1997 VOLUME 2, pp

Study 1 Electronically ballasted fluorescent lights with highly distorted current may jeopardize the reliability of the distribution system and the quality of the electric power delivered. D.J. Pileggi, T.J. Gentile, A.E. Emanual,… et al, The Effect of Modern Compact Fluorescent Lights On Voltage Distortion, IEEE Trans. Of Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 4, Oct. 1993, pp

Study 2 These conclusions permit the formulation of the opinion that the extensive future use of the energy efficient lamps must be associated with simple and low cost filtering and power factor correction techniques F.V. Topalis, Efficiency Of Energy Saving Lamps And Harmonic Distortion In Distribution Systems, IEEE Trans. of Power Delivery, Vol. 8, No. 4, Oct. 1993, pp

Study 3 T.-M. Zhou, X.-Y. Zhu, Y.-L. He, W. Cheng and J. Schlejen, Preliminary Investigation to the Effect of Harmonic Distortion by CFL on Quality of Electric Power Systems Four Cases: Single Lamp Home Lab retrofit Field Experiment

Study 3 Our experiments show that for CFL THD according to the new IEC 1000 proposal, in extremely high home applications (5 CFLs per home), the contribution to the V-THD is negligible, compared to TV and much less than computer.

Home Experiment ? ? THD I PC 120% (NZ 66.6%) CFL % (NZ 120%) TV 90% (NZ 120%)

Lab. Retrofit Test

V-THD variation 1.5-2%. Experiment repeated 8 times

Study 4 The test was divided in two phases: Phase 1: Measurements in a one-family house. The measurements were taken first without CFLs and then after installing five CFLs. Phase 2: Measurements in a residential district. The measurements were taken in a residential district consisting of 17 houses at existing load and then after installing of three and six CFLs respectively in each house.

Study 4 The study shows that replacement of incandescent lamps with CFLs is beneficial both for users and for utilities. The main advantages of CFLs are: - reduced energy consumption - long lifetime - released capacity of the distribution system High harmonic distortion is the main reason that utilities hesitate to advocate increased use of CFLs. They focus mainly on the high relative current distortion. It is true that for CFLs, the relative current distortion expressed in percent of the fundamental may exceed 100%. However, since fundamental current is very low …, the values of harmonic currents are very low too.

Study 4 The results indicate, that the harmonic generated by the CFLs in residential districts have only a minor effect on power quality of the supply network. N. Gothelf, Power Quality Effects of CFLs– A Field Study, RIGHT LIGHT 4, 1997 VOLUME 2, pp

This current waveform is significantly better than most we see in sold in New Zealand

Some of the Brands Tested Basix Canopower Connection Dura Lamp Eclipse Ecobulb Elite Everyhome GE Kempthorne LuxTec Marexim Mirabella Nelson Lamps No Frills Osram Panasonic Philips Results Signature Range SmartLamp Toshiba Wotan

Other Appliances

Standard washing 1.9 Amps THD I = 132% Spinning and Pumping 7.9 Amps THD I = 34%

Appliances Tested TV VCR DVD Stereo Clock/radio Home entertainment systems PCs Monitors Printers Scanners Microwave ovens Mills Halogen lights Fluorescent Lamps Fridge/freezers Freezers Washing machines Dryers Plug packs

Heat-pump tests 2008

6. Conclusions The wide-spread use of CFLs can be expected to reduce power quality. The weaker networks exhibit less correlation in the harmonic current injection than stronger networks. Resonances between CFL and ac network magnifies some frequency components (even for a relatively strong ac network)

Acknowledgements Tas Scott & Stephen Hirsch, Orion N.Z. Ltd Vinod Kumar, Whisper Tech Limited Joseph Lawrence, EPE Centre Manager Lance Frater Ken Smart Geoff Neville, Enermet N.Z. Ltd.

The End Any Questions?

Valley Fill Circuit (Cct. 2)

Improved Valley Fill Circuit

Active Power-Factor Control