Genetic profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma using next-generation sequencing  Kornelius Schulze, Jean-Charles Nault, Augusto Villanueva  Journal of Hepatology  Volume 65, Issue 5, Pages 1031-1042 (November 2016) DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.035 Copyright © 2016 European Association for the Study of the Liver Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Mutational landscape of HCC. Graphical summary of the main mutated genes in HCC and their reported frequency. Note that some mutations may co-exist in the same patient. Data suggest that background etiology impact mutation rate. Most mutations affect 3 genes, TERT promoter, CTNNB1 and TP53. Journal of Hepatology 2016 65, 1031-1042DOI: (10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.035) Copyright © 2016 European Association for the Study of the Liver Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Viral mechanisms of liver carcinogenesis. Direct and indirect mechanisms of viral related liver carcinogenesis are represented. Indirect mechanisms are related to the development of cirrhosis triggered by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by chronic viral hepatitis. In vitro studies and mouse model have suggested that HCV proteins could have oncogenic properties even if the relevance in humans remains debated. The direct oncogenic mechanisms are mainly due to action of viral oncoproteins (Hbx in HBV), chromosomal instability induced by HBV integration and insertional mutagenesis (HBV and AAV2) with aberrant regulation of gene expression or induction of fusion protein between human DNA and HBV. The genes targeted by clonal viral integrations are represented in the blue box; some of them are targeted by both HBV and AAV2. Journal of Hepatology 2016 65, 1031-1042DOI: (10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.035) Copyright © 2016 European Association for the Study of the Liver Terms and Conditions