Chapter 2 Work-Oriented Methods What the worker does Tasks, tools, machines, work context. Compared to: Worker oriented What the worker needs Worker attributes: SKAOs Hybrid Managers and teams Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

Work-Orientated Time and motion Study FJA Task Inventory DOL Fine’s DPT Task Inventory Comprehensive Occupational Data Analysis System Work Performance Survey System Critical Incidents Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

Work-Oriented Time and Motion Study (Fred & Lillian Gilbreth) Time study Work Sampling (time on and off task) Standard setting Predetermined time systems (prior research) Industry standard data E.g. auto mechanic rates Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

Time & Motion Study Motion study Criticism of time and motion study Graphs and flow charts Micromotion analysis Recording techniques Video and photography Criticism of time and motion study Could we shorten the boring symphony piece by making it more efficient? Couldn’t these jobs be done better by robots? Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

Functional Job Analysis U.S. DoL DOT Handbook for Analyzing Jobs, ‘72 FJA What gets done and the worker does An important distinction WORKER FUNCTIONS (DPT) Behaviors v. results JOB ANALYSIS PROCEDURE Using SMEs Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

FJA DESCRIBING THE WORK SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS Work fields Machine, tools, equipment, work aids SENTENCE STRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS (really important) Verb, immediate object Infinitive phrase Infinitive, object Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

FJA OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DOL FJA Education Specific vocational preparation Aptitudes Temperaments Interests Physical demands and environmental conditions Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

FJA Fine v. DoL Sidney Fine’s method DoL Contains some features lacking in DoL Level and orientation (level of involvement e.g. % time) Complexity at the task level DoL Some worker attributes not in Sidney’s (Fine) Temperament Environmental conditions Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

FJA research reliable DPT (very reliable for Data People, not for T) Things varied across jobs within occupations Intellectual and perceptual requirements reliable Physical ability requirements Not reliable Provided description of virtually all jobs in U.S. O*Net replaced it Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

Task Inventories As many as 100 cf to FJA (5-10) CODAP Useful in ‘20s to 40s for skilled trades Useful in ‘50s for USAF CODAP (Comprehensive Occupational Data Analysis Program) …a computerized program! Useful for starting a job analysis Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

Work Orientated task analysis SURVEY DESIGN Background information Sources: observation, background materials, interviews Structure of Tasks Determining Appropriate level of Specificity One of the most difficult things to do! Selecting Response options Demographic Data Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

Task Analysis DATA ANALYSIS Both CODAP and WPSS Are computerized Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

Critical Incident Technique (Flannagan) Context Behavior Consequences Was Ferguson MO a good example or what! See “tips for capturing CIs” RESEARCH ON CI TECHNIQUE Collecting data from individuals or groups Equally effective Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods

CI RESEARCH Information useful for Constructing forms, e.g. Perf Appraisals BOS scales (what are they?) Identifying traits for selection See also: The Critical Incident Technique in Service Research Dwayne D. Gremler Critical Incidents Method Apple 651 Chapter 2 Work Oriented Methods