Fatal Hypernatremia From Exogenous Salt Intake: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature  KEVIN G. MODER, M.D.  Mayo Clinic Proceedings  Volume 65, Issue 12, Pages 1587-1594 (December 1990) DOI: 10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62194-6 Copyright © 1990 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 A, Serum sodium concentration after ingestion of supersaturated salt water solution. B, Type and volume of fluids administered during the 3 days after ingestion. Type of fluids administered were as follows: 0.9 NaCl/LR = 0.9% isotonic saline, 5% dextrose in water plus 0.9% isotonic saline, or lactated Ringer's solution (or some combination of these fluids); 0.45 NaCl = 0.45% isotonic saline or 5% dextrose in water plus 0.45% isotonic saline;D5W = 5% dextrose in water; Colloid = albumin and Hespan. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1990 65, 1587-1594DOI: (10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62194-6) Copyright © 1990 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Distribution of reported causes of hypernatremia from exogenous intake of salt. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1990 65, 1587-1594DOI: (10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62194-6) Copyright © 1990 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Survival of patients with hypernatremia from exogenous intake of salt, shown by age-groups. The three age-groups had the following mean initial serum sodium concentrations: age <1 year (N = 11), 199 meq/liter; age 1 to 13 years (N = 9), 187 meq/liter; age >13 years (N = 11), 197 meq/liter. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1990 65, 1587-1594DOI: (10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62194-6) Copyright © 1990 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Survival in adults and children with hypernatremia from exogenous intake of salt who were treated with peritoneal dialysis or fluid therapy. Mean initial serum sodium concentration was 215 meq/liter in dialysis group and 187 meq/liter in those who received fluids. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1990 65, 1587-1594DOI: (10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62194-6) Copyright © 1990 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Rate of correction of hypernatremia caused by exogenous intake of salt in adults and children. Rapid = correction in less than 24 hours; slow = all others. Mean initial serum sodium concentration was 187 meq/liter in group with slow correction and 194 meq/liter in group with rapid correction. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1990 65, 1587-1594DOI: (10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62194-6) Copyright © 1990 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Percent survival in adults and children with hypernatremia from exogenous intake of salt, shown by their initial serum sodium concentration. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1990 65, 1587-1594DOI: (10.1016/S0025-6196(12)62194-6) Copyright © 1990 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Terms and Conditions