Mutations.

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Defined: any change in an organism’s DNA Where: Single genes or entire chromosomes – Some gene mutations change phenotype (physical characteristics)

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Presentation transcript:

Mutations

Gene: Point Mutations A C A G T G T G T C A A A U G U C A A C C A G U DNA U G U C A A C C A G U U U mRNA Amino acids cysteine histidine glutamine glutamine phenylalanine Defined: one nucleotide is substituted for another May be repaired by DNA polymerase May lead to amino acid change See animation May not lead to any change Ex: DNA “CCC” is mutated into “CCG” Same amino acid is created (glycine)

Gene: Frame Shift Mutation C A G T G G T C A A A C DNA U G U C A C C A G U U U G mRNA Amino acids cysteine histidine histidine glutamine serine phenylalanine leucine Defined: insertion/deletion of a nucleotide Entire sequence of DNA/RNA after the mutation is shifted (see animation) Much more serious to the structure/function of the final protein mRNA sequence may have early or late “stop codons”

Gene: Frame Shift Mutation C A G T C G G T C A A A DNA U G U C A G C C A G U U U mRNA cysteine histidine glutamine phenylalanine Amino acids glutamine proline valine

Chromosome Mutations Translocation: Chromosome segments combine with nonhomologous chromosome Many genes wind up on entirely different chromosomes Gene cut apart ½ on chr #5, ½ on chr #8

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Impact on Offspring Somatic cell mutations Affect only the individual Not passed on to future generations Ex: Muscle cell mutation Germ cell mutations May be passed to future generations Ex: Sperm cell mutation

Mutation Causes Mutagen: agents in the environment that can change DNA Speed up replication process Break apart nucleotides Ex: UV sunlight breaks hydrogen bond between thymine (T) and adenine (A)