1. MOLECULAR GENETICS Mutations Definition
A change in the nucleotide sequence of a chromosome.
* Usually in a single gene.

2. MUTATION Causes 1)Mutagens Definition
Physical or chemical agents causing mutations.
  2)Errors in Replication
Mismatched pairs of nucleotides. 
  3)Transposons
DNA sequences that move within and between chromosomes altering gene expression.

3. TRANSPOSON

4. TRANSPOSON

5. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
Definition
A genetic change that affects large regions of chromosomes or entire chromosomes.
Types
Down Syndrome
Extra chromosome 21
Fragile X Chromosome
Breaking of an X chromosome near its tip.

6. DOWNS SYNDROME

7. FRAGILE X SYNDROME

8. GENE MUTATIONS Definition Types
A change in the base sequence of DNA that alters individual genes.
Types
Point Mutation
Substitution of one nucleotide
Example
AAA TCG -----> ACA TCG

9. GENE MUTATIONS Nonsense Mutation Definition
Point mutation creating a stop codon.

10. Tangier Disease

11. GENE MUTATION Missense Mutation Definition
Point mutation coding for a different amino acid.

12. HUTCHINSON-GILFORD PROGERIA SYNDROME

13. GENE MUTATIONS Silent Mutation Definition
Point mutation with no amino acid change.

14. GENE MUTATIONS Frameshift Mutation Definition
Point mutation causing a shift of nucleotides
creating a different reading frame.
   

15. CODON INSERTION
CDON INSERTION

16. MOLECULAR GENETICS Gene Therapy
Definition
Providing a normal or functional gene to human cells to replace a nonfunctional gene.

17. GENE THERAPY Nonhereditable
Definition
Treating the symptoms in the affected individual only.
   

20. GENE THERAPY Hereditable
Definition
Preventing the disease from being passed on to the next generation.

21. Good Gene
Mutated Gene