Agenda To Get: Guided notes To Do: Opener reading on twin studies – Scott and Mark Kelly Heredity Genes and Chromosomes Nature-Nurture Debate Kinship Studies Twin Studies Adoptee Studies Twins Reared Apart Finish Endocrine System posters Brain discussion for Thursday Our class will split with Mr. Hatfield – report to my room Thursday and then we will divide and half will go to the library and half to Mr. Hatfield’s room. (403) Objective: Students will understand the role genes, heredity and environmental factors can play in human behavior and psychological development.

Heredity: Our Genetic Background Heredity Genes and Chromosomes Nature-Nurture Debate Kinship Studies Twin Studies Adoptee Studies Twins Reared Apart Objective: Students will understand the role genes, heredity and environmental factors can play in human behavior and psychological development.

Heredity Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring Create understanding of behavior based on traits we inherit Environment plays a role in development but heredity has a role in development of psychological disorders (anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and alcoholism)

Opener Reading: 1. What was the purpose of the twin study with the Kelly brothers? 2. What does it mean if traits are more common among identical twins? Why might this be? 3.” Twin studies are the only real way of doing…” 4. What was a possible negative outcome in the field of Eugenics? 5. What did the study if I.Q. of identical twins of poor families reveal? 6. What are some common diseases caused by heredity? 7. What were eating disorders typically attributed to? Is this necessarily true? 8. If you had an identical twin would you want to participate in Bouchard’s obesity study of 1990? Why/why not? 9. What was a recruitment bias in Langstroms study of the “gay gene?” 10. Give an example of how twins reared apart supports the argument for NATURE over NURTURE.

1. Effects of long-duration space flight 2 1. Effects of long-duration space flight 2. Share same genes, genes are responsible for behavior/traits 3. Twin studies are the only real way of doing natural experiments in humans. 4. Genetic engineering – selective breeding to create master race! Wha?????!!!! 5. In poor families environment can affect genetic benefits of intelligence 6. osteoarthritis, cataracts, back pain and cancer 7. culture, media, and social factors, it is actually, in part genetic 8. opinion 9. Only 12 percent of males in Sweden were part of the study… 10. personalities, interests, attitudes

Genes and Chromosomes Basic building blocks of heredity Intelligence can involve a combination of genes AND environmental factors Chromosomes – made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the form of a double helix. Normal human cells contain 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs Each contains instructions for particular traits 22 are similar in male/female 23rd pair determines physical gender (XX pair creates female, XY determines male) Abnormalities in chromosomes can create disorders such as Down Syndrome; caused by and extra, or third chromosome, on the 21st pair. https://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask149

Figure 2: Primary Down syndrome is caused by the presence of three copies of chromosome 21. (a) A child who has Down syndrome. (b) Idiogram of a person who has primary Down syndrome. Can cause respiratory conditions, varying degrees of mental/physical retardation and heart problems.

Nature vs. Nurture What determines our behavior and who we are? Nature – what we inherit from out parents Traits/personality determined by biology Nurture – how we are affected by our environment Traits/personality determined by what we are exposed to in our lives Psychologists today see both as influencers on our psychological traits

Kinship Studies Degree to which people are related, based on genes they have in common Identical twins (100%), Parent and child, siblings (50%), Aunts/Uncles (25%), first cousins (12.5%) Can determine environmental or genetic factors on behavior Most common type are twin and adoptee studies

Twin Studies Identical twins share same genetic make up, differences must be attributed to environment More likely to share disorders as well (autism 96% vs. 24%) Fraternal twins may share up to 50 percent of genetic material, same as other siblings Differences may stem from heredity OR environment Mike and Scott Kelly Study Explanation  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bo2igadkAHU   Stephen Colbert  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Q6bKnrFsT0    Study Results  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Taz8XVk15Nk  

Adoptee Studies If twins share same genes and environment it is hard to determine if behavioral influence is caused by nature or nurture. Do adopted children more closely resemble their birth or adoptive parents in personality and behavior? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0_NsS1Zdlk

Twins Reared Apart Twins raised apart are less likely to share similar experiences, thus genetic factors allow for similarities Traits such as intelligence, traditionalism (rules), risk avoidance, aggression, and leadership all seem to be influenced by heredity (nature) Can even share same mannerisms even when they have never met. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMQXAvnwQxA

Endocrine Rap, y’all!