Feeding Full Fat Soybeans to Cattle Sergio Calsamiglia Departamento de Ciencia Animal y de los Alimentos Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona sergio.calsamiglia@uab.es

Soybeans High fat content High protein content Positive effects on energy supply Effect of processing High protein content Positive effects in protein supply

Ruminal Metabolism of Fat Glycerol Fatty Acid coo- Saturated Unsaturated Fibrolytic Bacteria

Effect of Feeding Oil on ADF Digestion in the Rumen (Ikwuegbu and Sutton, 1982)

Carbohydrate Degradation Fibre Starch Glucose Pyruvate Lactate Acetate Butyrate Propionate MILK FAT

Factors Affecting Toxicity Fat X Glycerol Fatty Acid coo- Saturated Unsaturated Fibrolytic Bacteria

Effect of FFSB Processing on Free FA (mg/g substrate DM) Reddy et al., 1994

Effect of Type of Processing of FFSB on NDF Degradation in the Rumen Reddy et al., 1994

Characteristics of the Ideal Fat Ruminal level In form of tryglicerides (less ruminal effects) Seed, encapsulated or protected (Ca soap) Saturated

Intestinal Digestion Triglycerides Emulsion Monoglycerides FA FA FA Absorption Bile salts

Emulsion - Digestion Fat emulsion is necessary for absorption Micel foramation is best with short and medium FA Micel formation is best with unsaturated FA

Degree of Saturation/Unsaturation

Ingestinal Digestibility of Fats NRC, 2001

Energy Value of Fats NRC, 2001

Characteristics of the Ideal Fat Ruminal level In form of tryglicerides (less ruminal effects) Seed, encapsulated or protected (Ca soap) Saturated Intestinal level Medium length Unsaturated

Partial Summary Oilseeds have a good FA profile and when supplied as seeds are close to an “ideal fat” Saturated fats or calcium soaps of FA are viable alternatives, but its intestinal digestibility is low Due to changes in intestinal digestion, energy values have been recently reevaluated The energy value of vegetable fats has increased, and that of animal and hydrogenated vegetable fats has dicreased.

Productive Responses Measures: Source of Data: DM Intake Milk Production Milk Composition Source of Data: French: (Chilliard & Ollier, 1994) USA: (Shaver, 1993) NRC, 2001 (Allen, 2000)

Effects on DM Intake

Effects on DM Intake

Effects on Production +1,1 kg/d

Effects on Production +0,19 kg/d

Effects on Milk Fat - 0,04%

Effects on Milk Fat - 0,01%

Effects on Milk Protein - 0,05%

Effects on Milk Protein - 0,07%

Preliminary Conclusions: Fat Fats reduce intake with lower effects in full fats oilseeds, with the exception of FFSB, where intake is not affected Fats increase milk production Fats reduce milk fat between 0,04 (animal and protected fats) and 0,01 % (vegetable fats), except FFSB and cottonseed. All fats result in a slight reduction in milk protein between

Soybeans High fat content High protein content Positive effects on energy supply High protein content Positive effects in protein supply

Oilseeds High protein content, generally degradable, and with some essential AA (Lys). The inclusion rate is limitted by the level and quality of the fat fractions.

Nitrogen Metabolism CP NoDeg-N InDig-N Deg-N Bac-N E NH3 Rumen Rec AA Pep - AA Deg-N Bac-N E NH3 Rumen Rec AA Liver Used Protein Urea

Protein Requirements Ammonia and degradable protein requirements have been defined True protein is used more efficiently than non-protein N Requirements are expressed as digestible protein Some aminoacids have requirements (Lys, Met)

Microbial Protein and Source of Nitrogen Griswold et al., 1996

Aminoacid Supply: CNCPS (Lactation – 17% CP/DM)

Dairy Cattle As the level of production increases, the deficit of AA also increases In these conditions, the supply of essemtial AA is important Therefore, the supply of protein supplements high in rumen undegradable protein, with high intestinal digestibility and good AA profile is important.

Protein Degradation

Intestinal Digestion

Supply of Digestible Protein (g/kg) FFSB: 39% CP x 20% RUP x 85% ID = 6,63 Sunflower: 19% CP x 11% RUP x 80% ID = 1,67 Linseed: 22% CP x 14% RUP x 85% ID = 2,61 Rapessed: 21% CP x 21% RUP x 50% ID = 2,15

Supply of Digestible Protein (g/d) FFSB: 6,63% x 2,5 kg = 170 g (EE=20%) Sunflower: 1,67% x 0,8 kg = 13 g (EE=44%) Linseed: 2,61% x 1,0 kg = 26 g (EE=36%) Rapeseed: 2,15% x 0,9 kg = 19 g (EE=40%)

% Ruminal Degradability % Intestinal Digestibility Dietary Protein = Intake Protein (kg/d) x % Ruminal Degradability % Intestinal Digestibility X % AA

Lysine in Bacteria and Feeds g/100 gAA

Methionine in Bacteria and Feeds g/100 gAA

% Ruminal Degradability % Intestinal Digestibility Dietary Protein = Intake Protein (kg/d) x % Ruminal Degradability % Intestinal Digestibility X % AA

Available Methionine Seeds

Avalialable Lysine Seeds

Observations Non-processed oilseeds have a limitted contribution to the supply of dietary AA to the small intestine, buy soybeans are the best option Processing provides the best added value, but those rich in lysine (as soybeans) have better protection Becuase the higher inclusion rate, higher protein and high lysine content, FFSB are the best election for processing

Processing and Undegradable Protein

Productive Response c b a

How Much RFFSB in my Diet? (según Knapp et al., 1991)

Typical Diet (% DM, 40 L milk) Alfalfa Hay 10 NEl, Mcal/kg 1.72 Corn Silage 45 CP, % 17 CGF 8 NDF, % 32 Corn 10 f-NDF, % 22 Soybean Hulls 3 NFC, % 38 SBM 5 EE, % 5.5 R-FFSB 9 Rumen pH 6.3 DDGS 6 Lys, %Req 117 MinVit 4 Met, % Req 112

Conclusions Full Fat Soybeans are an excellent source of energy (fat), rumen degradable protein, If processed, they are also good sources of undegradable protein and lysine The recommended level of inclusion depends on total PUFA in the diet: general suggestion: FFSB at maximum of 2,5 kg/animal/day. Extruded (assuming 10% fat), maximum 2-3 kg/animal/day Soybeans is the best option for processing among other oilseeds