Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Schedule Building Public Transport Service & Operations Planning : An Introduction

Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ ? Why is Schedule Building Important? Passengers Provide dependable travel Provide information to travelers Operator Deploy vehicles and operators Maximize operating efficiency Understand trade-offs between efficiencies and passenger crowding and waiting times

Importance of Schedule Building to Government (All Levels) Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Importance of Schedule Building to Government (All Levels) Impact of government policies on: Operating efficiencies Profitability Subsidies Passenger level of service

Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Schedule Building A Five-Step Process Determine Headways (Frequencies) Prepare Headway Table (Specific Trips) Create Vehicle Assignments (Blocking) Create Driver Assignments (Run Cutting) 5. Estimate Driver Requirements (Rostering) Headway

Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Demand Headway Demand headway Based on observed (forecast) demand Efficiency point-of-view Policy headway Maximum headway regardless of demand Policy set either by: Government (public policy) Operator (marketing concerns) Headway

Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Demand Headway Provide sufficient vehicles to meet passenger demand Headway = Time Period Passengers at Maximum Load Point Occupancy Rate x Seating Capacity

Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Maximum Load Profile for Radial Route

Occupancy Rate and Seating Capacity Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Occupancy Rate and Seating Capacity Operating Period Occupancy Rate Seats Acceptable Passenger Capacity Crush Peak 2.0 40 80 Peak 1.5 60 Base 1.0

Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Application of Demand Headway Equation Time Period Passengers at Maximum Load Point Occupancy Rate x Seating Capacity Term Comments Sample Value Time Period Period of Observation (e.g., 1 hour) 60 Passengers at Maximum Load Point Number of people on the bus at the point at which the most people are onboard 960 Occupancy Rate Time period value selected 2.0 Seating Capacity Seats per bus 40 Passenger Capacity Occupancy Rate X Seating Capacity (2.0 X 40) 80 Frequency Passengers at Maximum Load Point (960) Occupancy Rate X Seating Capacity (80) 12 buses Demand Headway Headway = 60 (60) Frequency (12) 5 minutes

Demand Headway Calculations Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Demand Headway Calculations Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Time Period Passengers at Maximum Load Point Seating Capacity Occupancy Rate Demand Headway 6:00 AM — 7:00 AM 240 40 1.5 15 8:00 AM 600 2.0 8 9:00 AM 400 9 10:00 AM 200 1.0 12 11:00 AM 100 24 12:00 PM 90 27

Policy Headway Adjustments Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Policy Headway Adjustments Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Time Period Demand Headway Policy Headway Adjusted Headway 6:00 AM — 7:00 AM 15 20 8:00 AM 8 10 9:00 AM 9 10:00 AM 12 11:00 AM 24 12:00 PM 27

Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Prepare Headway Table Develop line specification Determine key arrival (departure) times at key market location Determine arrival (departure) times of trips at the key market location Add (subtract) running times to determine arrival/departure times at other time points

Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Develop Line Specification Alignment Regular/variations Headway Peak Base Span of service Workdays Saturday (non-work) Sunday (Friday)/ holidays One-way running time Peak Base Key Market Location Center City Other generators

Line Specification Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Line Specification Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Span of Service M/SA: 5:30 AM — 10:30 PM S/H:9:00 AM — 5:30 PM One-Way Running Time Peak: 25 Minutes Base: 25 Minutes Key Market Location KBS Alignment Headway Peak: 10 Minutes (7:00-9:00 AM; 4:30-6:30 PM) Base: 20 Minutes

Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Determine Arrival (Departure) Times at the Schedule Building Point Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Inbound Trips KBS Trip Number Arrival Time Headway Next Trip 1 6:00 AM 20 6:20 AM 2 6:40 AM 3 7:00 AM 4 10 7:10 AM 5 7:20 AM 6 7:30 AM 7 7:40 AM

Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Inbound Trips City Market Determine Arrival/Departure Times at Other Time Points Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Inbound Trips City Market Trip Number Departure Time Running Time Arrival Time 1 5:35 AM 25 6:00 AM 2 5:55 AM 6:20 AM 3 6:15 AM 6:40 AM 4 6:35 AM 7:00 AM 5 6:45 AM 7:10 AM 6 6:55 AM 7:20 AM 7 7:05 AM 7:30 AM

Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Create Vehicle Assignments (Blocking) Blocks also known as Bus Schedules in India Link trips together at a common terminal point Sometimes involves “deadheading” equipment between routes Match arrival and departure times at a terminal, allowing for "layover” Make minor schedule modifications (where necessary) to achieve good linkages

Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Options for Linking Trips Terminal Bus Interlining Bus on Same Route

Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Vehicles Required ≤ Blocks? A vehicle assignment (job) that includes: Depot "Pull-Out“ Assigned bus trips Depot "Pull-In” Vehicles Required Less than/equal to total number of daily blocks Why? One vehicle could cover non-overlapping AM and PM blocks

Example of Vehicle Blocking Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Example of Vehicle Blocking Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Block Number Depart Bang Jail Arrive KBS Depart KBS1 Arrive Bang Jail Time Ready for Next Trip1   5:35 AM 6:00 AM 6:05 AM 6:30 AM 6:35 AM 5:55 AM 6:20 AM 6:25 AM 6:50 AM 6:55 AM 6:15 AM 6:40 AM 6:45 AM 7:10 AM 7:15 AM 7:00 AM 7:05 AM 7:30 AM 7:35 AM 7:40 AM 7:45 AM 7:20 AM 7:25 AM 7:50 AM 7:55 AM 8:00 AM 8:05 AM 8:10 AM 8:15 AM 8:20 AM 8:25 AM 8:30 AM 8:35 AM 8:40 AM 8:45 AM 8:50 AM 8:55 AM 9:00 AM 9:05 AM 9:10 AM 9:15 AM 9:20 AM 9:25 AM 9:30 AM 9:35 AM 9:50 AM 9:55 AM 9:40 AM 9:45 AM 10:10 AM 10:15 AM 10:00 AM 10:05 AM 10:30 AM 10:35 AM 15 minute layover at each route terminal

Creation of Block 1 Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Creation of Block 1 Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Block Number Depart Bang Jail Arrive KBS Depart KBS1 Arrive Bang Jail Time Ready for Next Trip1 1 5:35 AM 6:00 AM 6:05 AM 6:30 AM 6:35 AM   5:55 AM 6:20 AM 6:25 AM 6:50 AM 6:55 AM 6:15 AM 6:40 AM 6:45 AM 7:10 AM 7:15 AM 7:00 AM 7:05 AM 7:30 AM 7:35 AM 7:40 AM 7:45 AM 7:20 AM 7:25 AM 7:50 AM 7:55 AM 8:00 AM 8:05 AM 8:10 AM 8:15 AM 8:20 AM 8:25 AM 8:30 AM 8:35 AM 8:40 AM 8:45 AM 8:50 AM 8:55 AM 9:00 AM 9:05 AM 9:10 AM 9:15 AM 9:20 AM 9:25 AM 9:30 AM 9:35 AM 9:50 AM 9:55 AM 9:40 AM 9:45 AM 10:10 AM 10:15 AM 15 minute layover at each route terminal

Creation of Block 2 Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Creation of Block 2 Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Block Number Depart Bang Jail Arrive KBS Depart KBS1 Arrive Bang Jail Time Ready for Next Trip1 1 5:35 AM 6:00 AM 6:05 AM 6:30 AM 6:35 AM 2 5:55 AM 6:20 AM 6:25 AM 6:50 AM 6:55 AM   6:15 AM 6:40 AM 6:45 AM 7:10 AM 7:15 AM 7:00 AM 7:05 AM 7:30 AM 7:35 AM 7:40 AM 7:45 AM 7:20 AM 7:25 AM 7:50 AM 7:55 AM 8:00 AM 8:05 AM 8:10 AM 8:15 AM 8:20 AM 8:25 AM 8:30 AM 8:35 AM 8:40 AM 8:45 AM 8:50 AM 8:55 AM 9:00 AM 9:05 AM 9:10 AM 9:15 AM 9:20 AM 9:25 AM 9:30 AM 9:35 AM 9:50 AM 9:55 AM 9:40 AM 9:45 AM 10:10 AM 10:15 AM 15 minute layover at each route terminal

Creation of Block 3 Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Creation of Block 3 Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Block Number Depart Bang Jail Arrive KBS Depart KBS1 Arrive Bang Jail Time Ready for Next Trip1 1 5:35 AM 6:00 AM 6:05 AM 6:30 AM 6:35 AM 2 5:55 AM 6:20 AM 6:25 AM 6:50 AM 6:55 AM 3 6:15 AM 6:40 AM 6:45 AM 7:10 AM 7:15 AM 7:00 AM 7:05 AM 7:30 AM 7:35 AM   7:40 AM 7:45 AM 7:20 AM 7:25 AM 7:50 AM 7:55 AM 8:00 AM 8:05 AM 8:10 AM 8:15 AM 8:20 AM 8:25 AM 8:30 AM 8:35 AM 8:40 AM 8:45 AM 8:50 AM 8:55 AM 9:00 AM 9:05 AM 9:10 AM 9:15 AM 9:20 AM 9:25 AM 9:30 AM 9:35 AM 9:50 AM 9:55 AM 9:40 AM 9:45 AM 10:10 AM 10:15 AM 15 minute layover at each route terminal

Creation of Block 4 Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Creation of Block 4 Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Block Number Depart Bang Jail Arrive KBS Depart KBS1 Arrive Bang Jail Time Ready for Next Trip1 1 5:35 AM 6:00 AM 6:05 AM 6:30 AM 6:35 AM 2 5:55 AM 6:20 AM 6:25 AM 6:50 AM 6:55 AM 3 6:15 AM 6:40 AM 6:45 AM 7:10 AM 7:15 AM 7:00 AM 7:05 AM 7:30 AM 7:35 AM 4 7:40 AM 7:45 AM 7:20 AM 7:25 AM 7:50 AM 7:55 AM   8:00 AM 8:05 AM 8:10 AM 8:15 AM 8:20 AM 8:25 AM 8:30 AM 8:35 AM 8:40 AM 8:45 AM 8:50 AM 8:55 AM 9:00 AM 9:05 AM 9:10 AM 9:15 AM 9:20 AM 9:25 AM 9:30 AM 9:35 AM 9:50 AM 9:55 AM 9:40 AM 9:45 AM 10:10 AM 10:15 AM 15 minute layover at each route terminal

Creation of Block 5 Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Creation of Block 5 Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Block Number Depart Bang Jail Arrive KBS Depart KBS1 Arrive Bang Jail Time Ready for Next Trip1 1 5:35 AM 6:00 AM 6:05 AM 6:30 AM 6:35 AM 2 5:55 AM 6:20 AM 6:25 AM 6:50 AM 6:55 AM 3 6:15 AM 6:40 AM 6:45 AM 7:10 AM 7:15 AM 7:00 AM 7:05 AM 7:30 AM 7:35 AM 4 7:40 AM 7:45 AM 7:20 AM 7:25 AM 7:50 AM 7:55 AM 5 8:00 AM 8:05 AM 8:10 AM 8:15 AM   8:20 AM 8:25 AM 8:30 AM 8:35 AM 8:40 AM 8:45 AM 8:50 AM 8:55 AM 9:00 AM 9:05 AM 9:10 AM 9:15 AM 9:20 AM 9:25 AM 9:30 AM 9:35 AM 9:50 AM 9:55 AM 9:40 AM 9:45 AM 10:10 AM 10:15 AM 15 minute layover at each route terminal

Creation of Block 6 Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Creation of Block 6 Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Block Number Depart Bang Jail Arrive KBS Depart KBS1 Arrive Bang Jail Time Ready for Next Trip1 1 5:35 AM 6:00 AM 6:05 AM 6:30 AM 6:35 AM 2 5:55 AM 6:20 AM 6:25 AM 6:50 AM 6:55 AM 3 6:15 AM 6:40 AM 6:45 AM 7:10 AM 7:15 AM 7:00 AM 7:05 AM 7:30 AM 7:35 AM 4 7:40 AM 7:45 AM 7:20 AM 7:25 AM 7:50 AM 7:55 AM 5 8:00 AM 8:05 AM 8:10 AM 8:15 AM 6 8:20 AM 8:25 AM 8:30 AM 8:35 AM 8:40 AM 8:45 AM 8:50 AM 8:55 AM 9:00 AM 9:05 AM 9:10 AM 9:15 AM 9:20 AM 9:25 AM 9:30 AM 9:35 AM 9:50 AM 9:55 AM 9:40 AM 9:45 AM 10:10 AM 10:15 AM 15 minute layover at each route terminal

The Basic Planning Formula Works! Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ The Basic Planning Formula Works! Time Period Cycle Time (Minutes) Headway (Minutes) Buses in Service Base 60 20 3 Peak 10 6

Vehicle Block Platform Time (Vehicle Hours) Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Vehicle Block Platform Time (Vehicle Hours) The total time the vehicle is away from the depot (Pull-Out to Pull-In) Dead time Revenue time Running time Layover/recovery time

Vehicle Block Platform Time Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Vehicle Block Platform Time Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Pull Out 6:35 AM Block Number Depart Bang Jail Arrive KBS Depart KBS1 Arrive Bang Jail Time Ready for Next Trip1 1 5:35 AM 6:00 AM 6:05 AM 6:30 AM 6:35 AM 2 5:55 AM 6:20 AM 6:25 AM 6:50 AM 6:55 AM 3 6:15 AM 6:40 AM 6:45 AM 7:10 AM 7:15 AM 7:00 AM 7:05 AM 7:30 AM 7:35 AM 4 7:40 AM 7:45 AM 7:20 AM 7:25 AM 7:50 AM 7:55 AM 5 8:00 AM 8:05 AM 8:10 AM 8:15 AM   8:20 AM 8:25 AM 8:30 AM 8:35 AM 8:40 AM 8:45 AM 8:50 AM 8:55 AM 9:00 AM 9:05 AM 9:10 AM 9:15 AM 9:20 AM 9:25 AM 9:30 AM 9:35 AM 9:50 AM 9:55 AM 9:40 AM 9:45 AM 10:10 AM 10:15 AM 15 minute layover at each route terminal Pull in 8:50 AM

Example of Vehicle Block Platform Time Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Example of Vehicle Block Platform Time Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS   Time Start End Total Revenue 6:45 AM 8:40 AM 1:55 Dead Depot to Terminal 6:35 AM 0:10 Terminal to Depot 8:50 AM Vehicle Block Platform 2:15 A “short” vehicle block Poor equipment utilization Daily (2:15) although pair with PM Revenue/Platform = 1:55/2:15 = 85%

Vehicle Block Platform Time Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Vehicle Block Platform Time Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Pull Out 5:25 AM Block Number Depart Bang Jail Arrive KBS Depart KBS1 Arrive Bang Jail Time Ready for Next Trip1 1 5:35 AM 6:00 AM 6:05 AM 6:30 AM 6:35 AM 2 5:55 AM 6:20 AM 6:25 AM 6:50 AM 6:55 AM 3 6:15 AM 6:40 AM 6:45 AM 7:10 AM 7:15 AM 7:00 AM 7:05 AM 7:30 AM 7:35 AM 4 7:40 AM 7:45 AM 7:20 AM 7:25 AM 7:50 AM 7:55 AM 5 8:00 AM 8:05 AM 8:10 AM 8:15 AM   8:20 AM 8:25 AM 8:30 AM 8:35 AM 8:40 AM 8:45 AM 8:50 AM 8:55 AM 9:00 AM 9:05 AM 9:10 AM 9:15 AM 9:20 AM 9:25 AM 9:30 AM 9:35 AM 9:50 AM 9:55 AM 9:40 AM 9:45 AM 10:10 AM 10:15 AM 15 minute layover at each route terminal Pull in 10:40 PM

Example of Vehicle Block Platform Time Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Example of Vehicle Block Platform Time Route 347F Bangalore Jail/KBS   Start End Total Revenue 5:35 AM 10:30 PM 16:55 Dead Depot to Terminal 5:25 AM 0:10 Terminal to Depot 10:40 PM Vehicle Block Platform 17:15 A “long” vehicle block Good equipment utilization Daily (17:15) Revenue/Platform = 16:55/17:15 = 98%

Strategies Used to Reduce Dead Time Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Strategies Used to Reduce Dead Time Locate depots close to route starting points e.g. Depot 7 located next to KBS station in Bangalore Schedule drivers to sleep in vehicles at suburban end of last evening trip

Create Driver Assignments (Run Cutting) Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Create Driver Assignments (Run Cutting) 4 Run is an operator assignment Basic objective is to minimize driver costs Need to know: Types of runs Labor practices

Types of Runs Buses in Service AM Peak Midday PM Peak Driver 2: Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Types of Runs Driver 2: Split Run Driver 1: Straight Run Buses in Service AM Peak Midday PM Peak

Labor Practices Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Wage rates by seniority Starting pay may be less than senior rate e.g. BMTC less than 40% Top rate achieved after years of service e.g. BMTC at 15 years Overtime premium paid after X hours e.g. BMTC “double-time” paid after 8 hours Assignment implications (if possible) Assign “no overtime” shifts to senior drivers Assign overtime shifts to junior drivers

Estimate Driver Requirements (Rostering) Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ 5 Estimate Driver Requirements (Rostering) Total Driver Requirements are the Sum of: Regular Drivers Extra Board Drivers

Example of Driver Calculation Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Example of Driver Calculation Schedule Daily Runs Days per Week Driver Runs Monday-Saturday 203 6 1,218 Sunday 154 1 Total   1,372 Drivers Required = Total Weekly Driver Runs / 6 Weekly Runs per Driver 1,372 / 6 229 The same approach can be applied to conductors 38

Estimate Extra Board (Spare Crew) Requirements Based on Absences Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Estimate Extra Board (Spare Crew) Requirements Based on Absences   Monday-Saturday Sunday Scheduled Runs 203 154 Absence Rate 0.09 0.11 Initial Extra Board 19 17 "Board for Board" 2 Final Daily Needs 21 The same approach can be applied to conductors

Example of Extra Board Calculation Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Example of Extra Board Calculation Schedule Daily Runs Days per Week Driver Runs Monday-Saturday 21 6 126 Sunday 19 1 Total   145 Drivers Required = Total Weekly Driver Runs / 6 Weekly Runs per Driver 145 / 6 25 The same approach can be applied to conductors 40

Example of Total Driver Calculation Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Example of Total Driver Calculation Schedule Daily Runs Days per Week Driver Runs Regular Extra Bd Total Monday-Saturday 203 21 224 6 1,344 Sunday 154 19 173 1   1,517 Drivers Required = Total Weekly Driver Runs / 6 Weekly Runs per Driver 1,517 / 6 253 The same approach can be applied to conductors

Computers Often Are Used in Schedule Building Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Computers Often Are Used in Schedule Building Labor saving for repetitive tasks Preparation of headway table Creation of vehicle blocks Creation of driver and conductor runs Transfer data to software for: Paper schedules for passengers Interactive passenger trip planners Internet or station Optimization of run cuts Important when complicated work rules

Summary Sample ‘Scheduling Process’ Described the five-step schedule building process Remember, scheduling is important to: Operators (efficiency and passenger considerations) Passengers (reliability) and