THE PHYSICS OF MUSIC ♫.

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Presentation transcript:

THE PHYSICS OF MUSIC ♫

MUSIC Musical Tone- Pleasing sounds that have periodic wave patterns. Quality of sound- distinguishes identical notes from different instruments. http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/sound-pitch-loudness-timbre.htm

Beats- the change in sound intensity due to the interference of sound. Beat Frequency- the number of maximum intensity points per second. 2 beats

Beat Frequency BF = # Beats seconds or BF = | f1 – f2 |

Ex. A sound with a frequency of 400Hz interferes with a second sound Ex. A sound with a frequency of 400Hz interferes with a second sound. If this produces 20 beats in 5.0 seconds, what is the frequency of the second sound? BF= 20beats/ 5 sec = 4 beats/sec 4 beats/sec = | 400Hz - f2 | 396Hz or 404 Hz

STANDING WAVES Two identical waves traveling in opposite directions. N –node A- antinode

MODES OF VIBRATION Fundamental mode, lowest pitch. λ = 2L First overtone, second harmonic, λ = L Second overtone, 3 rd harmonic, λ = 2/3L Third overtone, 4th harmonic, λ = 1/2L

HARMONICS Whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency. Doubling the frequency will raise the pitch one octave (8 notes)

String Instruments

LAWS OF STRINGS Law of Length: As the length of a string increases, frequency and pitch decreases. Law of Diameter: As the diameter of a string increases, frequency decreases.

Law of Tension: As the tension on a string increases, frequency and pitch increases. Law of Density: If a more dense string is used, the frequency and pitch decreases.

Woodwind and Brass Use resonating air columns to make music.

RESONANCE IN AIR COLUMNS Resonance occurs every half wavelength.

λ = 2L f1 = v/2L L

λ = L f2 = v/L L

λ = 2/3L f3 =3v/2L L

Wavelength depends of the length and diameter of the resonating pipe. λ = 2( L + 0.8d) L- length (m) d- diameter (m)

If the pipe has a length of 60cm and a diameter of 4.0cm what is the Ex: An open plastic pipe will resonate at its lowest frequency when a tuning fork is held over it. If the pipe has a length of 60cm and a diameter of 4.0cm what is the wavelength? λ = 2( L + 0.8d) λ = 2(0.6m + 0.8(0.04m) λ = 1.264m

Just for fun! The Rubens Tube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-021bsxM_k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpCquUWqaYw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3oItpVa9fs