Chapter 9 The East Asian World

Section 1 – China at Its Height QOD – What was remarkable about the naval voyages under Emperor Yong Le? Objective – Describe the Ming and Qing dynasties and the “closed country” policy of China.

The Ming Dynasty The Ming dynasty began with the overthrow of the Mongols in China Ming rulers ran an effective government, using centralized bureaucracy staffed by officials that had taken the civil service exam Ming emperors set up a nationwide school They completed the Grand Canal for trade The Ming dynasty began a time of greatness in China

The Ming Dynasty Emperor Yong Le began construction of the Imperial City. The Imperial City was the home of China’s emperors for nearly 500 years

The Ming Dynasty Zheng He was a court official who led the naval voyages of exploration during the Ming dynasty China made 7 voyages of exploration The voyages produced great profits After Yong Le’s death the voyages stopped

The Ming Dynasty 1514-Portuguese fleet arrived to China The emperor viewed the Europeans as barbarians Educated Jesuit missionaries made the trip to China and impressed Chinese officials with clocks and eye glasses Jesuits were impressed with the architecture and books Jesuits learned the teachings of Confucius while teaching Christianity to the Chinese

The Ming Dynasty The Ming declined due to weak rulers, govt. corruption, high taxes, low crop yields, and epidemics Li Zicheng led the peasant revolt that overthrew the Ming dynasty The overthrow of the Ming allowed Manchus to seize power and establish the Qing dynasty

The Ming Dynasty The Manchus were a farming and hunting people and they created the Qing dynasty which remained in power until 1911

The Qing Dynasty Chinese resisted the new Manchu rulers To more easily identify the rebels, the govt. ordered all Chinese men to adopt Manchu dress and hairstyle. They were to shave their foreheads and braid their hair into a pigtail called a queue

The Qing Dynasty The Manchus were gradually accepted and the Qing dynasty flourished A series of strong emperors corrected social and economic ills and restored peace & prosperity

The Qing Dynasty The Qing maintained the Ming political system. The Manchus dealt in 2 ways with the fact that they were ethically & culturally different from their subjects 1. Preserved their identities by having a different legal status, maintaining large landholdings, and forming separate Manchu Military units called Banners 2. Brought the Chinese into top ranks-showing willingness to share power

The Qing Dynasty Banners- separate Manchu military units, which became the chief Qing fighting force

The Qing Dynasty Kangxi was perhaps China’s greatest emperor. He took control while still a teenager and ruled for 61 years Highly disciplined and diligent Supported the arts and letters Tolerant of Christians

The Qing Dynasty The Qing dynasty showed the first signs of internal decay during the reign of Qianlong Qianlong rejected Britain’s request for more liberal trade policies

Section 2 – Chinese Society and Culture QOD – Why did the population increase between 1500 and 1800? Objective – Describe the population growth, family structure, daily life, and cultural elements of China.

Economic Changes-Commercial Capitalism Despite the growth in trade and manufacturing, China did not develop the kind of commercial capitalism that was emerging in Europe. Differences between China and Europe explain this fact

Economic Changes-Commercial Capitalism First, middle-class merchants and manufacturers in China were not independent as those in Europe Trade and manufacturing remained under the firm control of the govt. Many Chinese looked down on trade and manufacturing as being inferior to farming

Daily Life Confucian emphasis remained strong and provided stability to the Chinese society Family were expected to put each other’s needs before their own Ideal family was the extended family Clan- beyond the extended family; consisted of dozens, or even hundreds of related families

Daily Life Women were to be subordinate to the husband-he could divorce if she did not produce sons Footbinding- considered a status symbol for Chinese women Made marrying easier Process was painful and could barely walk

Cultural Developments During Ming dynasty, a new literacy developed The Golden Locus- a Chinese novel, considered to be the first realistic social novel The Dream of the Red Chamber- considered even today to be China’s most distinguished popular novel Cao Xuegin- the author of the novel, The Dream of the Red Chamber

Cultural Development The most famous of all the arts of the Ming era was blue-and-white porcelain, which Europeans collected in great quantities

Section 3 – Tokugawa Japan and Korea QOD – What economic changes took place under the Tokugawa shoguns? Objective – Describe the unification of Japan and economic and cultural changes up to 1750.

The Three Great Unifiers Japan was in chaos at the end of the 15th cen. Daimyo- heads of the noble Japanese families, controlled their own lands and fought each other Oda Nobunaga- began the restoration of a central Japanese authority Tokugawa Ieyasu- succeeded Oda; he continued the unity & brought a long period of peace-”Great Peace”

Tokugawa Rule Tokugawa completed the restoration of central authority in Japan in the early 1600s

Tokugawa Rule State was divided into 250 territories called hans A daimyo ruled each The shogunate controlled the daimyo by a hostage system Hostage System The daimyo had to maintain 2 residences one in their own lands and one in Edo, where the shogun lived

Economic and Social Changes A major economic change occurred under the Tokuagawa Trade and manufacturing flourished esp in Edo, Kyoto, and Osaka Confucian view was breaking down A merchant class emerged and banking and a paper money system developed Edo was one of the world’s largest cities

Economic and Social Changes Some peasant families benefited by exploiting the growing need for cash crops Most experienced declining profits and rising costs The class system became rigid-rulers established strict distinctions among the 4 main classes-warriors, peasants, artisans, and merchants

Economic and Social Changes The emperor and court were at the top Next were the Warrior class-shogun, daimyo, samurai, and ronin Ronin-warriors without masters who traveled around in search of work

Economic and Social Changes Next were Farmers- often poor The Artisans- such as carpenters and swordmakers Merchants- the lowest class because they profited from the labor of others Eta- the very bottom, Japan’s outcasts. Their residence, hairstyle, and dress were regulated

Tokugawa Culture Ihara Saikaku- author of Five Women Who Loved Love Matsuo Basho- greatest of all Japanese poets New world of urban entertainment gave rise to Kabuki theater Form of entertainment that emphasized action, music, and dramatic gestures

Tokugawa Culture Fearing Kabuki could corrupt the nation’s morals, Japanese govt. officials forbade women from appearing on stage, creating a new professional class of male actors Japanese pottery borrowed designs and techniques from Korea

Korea: The Hermit Kingdom The Yi dynasty is the Korean dynasty that remained in power during the entire Tokugawa Era in Japan Because its rulers tried to keep it isolated from the rest of the world, Korea earned the name, “The Hermit Kingdom”

Korea: The Hermit Kingdom Toyoyomi Hideyoshi- in 1590 had persuaded most of the daimyo to accept his authority He was not successful, but Korea was devastated 1630-Manchu forced the Yi to become subject to China