Cognitive Psychology Chapter 4: Attention

Outline Chapter 4: Attention Study Question. 4/4/2019 Chapter 4: Attention Quiz 1 Orienting visual attention The spotlight metaphor Visual search Attentional blink Filtering and Selection Bottleneck theories Early and late selection (Fun with exogenous orienting) Study Question. • Compare and contrast endogenous and exogenous orienting.

Quiz 1 Mean = 66%, s = 13.3 Question A B C D Answer 1 4 3 27 11 C

Quiz 1 Question A B C D Answer 17 31 8 6 0 A 18 4 30 6 5 B

Quiz 1 Jeopardy style Behaviourism Introspection Sentence verification task Independent variable Cerebral Cortex Laterality Resource driven processing Data driven processing Hippocampus Lexical decision Feature theory Geons Visual Persistence Pandemonium Prosopagnosia

Attention Orienting The orienting reflex or response The what and where pathways WHERE WHAT

Attention Orienting The orienting reflex or response Covert and Overt orienting Overt orienting - directing one’s heads and eyes towards a stimulus Covert orienting - directing attention, without shifting the head or eyes towards a stimulus

Attention Orienting The spotlight model “Attention is a like a spotlight that enhances the efficiency of detection of events within its beam”. Posner et al. (1980)

Attention Orienting The spotlight model Spatial structure Spatially restricted Eriksen’s zoom lens metaphor Unitary (McCormick & Klein, 1990; McCormick et al. 1998) Orienting mechanisms Selection for spatial locations can be allocated willingly or automatically Endogenous and exogenous orienting Endogenous orienting: Effortful, controlled, resource driven. e.g., an arrow cue Exogenous orienting: Effortless, automatic, data driven e.g., a bright flash

Attention Orienting The spotlight model Four modes of orienting + Endogenous Bottom-up Reflexive Top-down Voluntary Overt Covert Exogenous Gaze Shift Attention

Attention Orienting The spotlight model Posner’s cuing procedure: Endogenous orienting + --> X Valid (80%) + <-- X Invalid (20 %) + <-> X Neutral

Attention Orienting The spotlight model Posner’s cuing procedure: Exogenous orienting + | X Valid (50%) + | X Invalid (50 %) + | | X Neutral

Attention Orienting The spotlight model Posner’s cuing procedure Condition RT (ms) 450 400 350 300 Valid Neutral Invalid

Attention Orienting The spotlight model The cost of misdirecting attention Three-part process: Disengage Move attention Engage

Attention Orienting The spotlight model Inhibition of return - a characteristic of exogenous orienting where attention is disinclined to return to a previously attended location.

Attention Orienting The spotlight model The spotlight and visual search Disjunction search Search for a simple feature Either S or blue letter Conjunction search Search for a combination of features T and green (T)

Attention Orienting The spotlight model The spotlight and visual search IOR facilitates search by discouraging reinspection

Attention W C N G H A 3 8 T K V B F D Orienting Orienting attention in time. The attentional blink phenomenom W C N G H A 3 8 T K V B F D

Attention W C N G X A 4 6 T S R B F D Orienting Orienting attention in time. The attentional blink phenomenom W C N G X A 4 6 T S R B F D

Attention Orienting Orienting attention in time. The attentional blink phenomenom Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) Second target performance as a function of ‘lag’

Attention Filtering and selecting Selective versus divided attention Doughnuts TV Pork rinds Football Cheap meat Beer Work Dieting Romantic movies Literature Opera Ballet Filtering and selecting Selective versus divided attention Dual message vs. dual task Shadowing experiments Doughnuts ,TV, Pork rinds, Football, Cheap meat, Beer ...

R Attention Filtering and selecting The bottleneck metaphor Cherry (1953): What do we perceive in the ignored ear? Physical characteristics, but not meaning What happens to the unattended message? R Sensory Memory Long- term F I L T E Pattern Recognition S C O N Short-

Attention Filtering and selecting Broadbent’s all-or-nothing filter 6 1 7 4 6 8 3

Attention Filtering and selecting Table, horse, chair, Homer, doohh!. Filtering and selecting Problems with the all-or-nothing filter Moray’s Experiment Table Horse Chair Desk Paper House Tree Rock Homer Barn Street

Attention Filtering and selecting Treisman’s Experiment I saw the girl song was wishing Hand me that big jumping in the street I saw the girl jumping in ... Dooohhh! was wishing

Attention Filtering and selecting Treisman’s Attenuation Model

Attention Filtering and selecting Late Selection Theory The Deustch - Norman model All inputs are recognized Inputs are forgotten easily unless attended The bottleneck occurs in STM Two determinants of selection Strength of input importance (i.e., pertinence) Item with the highest combination of both gets activated

Attention Filtering and selecting The Deustch - Norman model