The Thirteen Colonies CICERO © 2011

New England Colonies Massachusetts New Hampshire Connecticut Rhode Island CICERO © 2011

Middle Colonies New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware CICERO © 2011

Southern Colonies Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia CICERO © 2011

Tobacco When the North American colonists did not find gold, they were forced to find other ways of making money. In 1613, Virginia colonist John Rolfe harvested the first crop of tobacco to be sold in England. Virginia tobacco was soon in high demand! Other colonies in the Chesapeake area found that they too could make huge profits growing tobacco. CICERO © 2011

Indigo Indigo is a plant from Asia used to make a bluish- purple dye for clothing. Early colonists found that the climate in the southern region of North America was ideal for cultivating indigo crops. In southern colonies such as Georgia and South Carolina, Indigo was second only to rice as a cash crop. CICERO © 2011

Rice Around 1700, colonists discovered that the swampy “low lands” of South Carolina were ideal for rice cultivation. For the next century, the colony prospered and grew, thanks to this profitable cash crop. Later, the Georgia colony also prospered from rice cultivation. CICERO © 2011

Cotton Cotton plants produce a soft, fluffy fiber that can be used to make textiles. Early colonists learned that the climate and soil in the southern colonies were ideal for growing cotton. Raw cotton was shipped to England’s textile mills. The invention of the cotton gin sparked a cotton “boom.” By the middle of the 19th century, the southern economy was almost entirely based on cotton production. CICERO © 2011

Diagrams Colonial Hardships Causes of the French and Indian War Phases of the French and Indian War CICERO © 2011

Colonial Hardships 1 2 3 4 5 Diagrams CICERO © 2011

Difficult Climate 2 3 4 5 Colonial Hardships CICERO © 2011 1. Early colonists were not prepared for the harsh North American winters. CICERO © 2011

Unforgiving wilderness Colonial Hardships Difficult Climate Unforgiving wilderness 3 4 5 Early colonists were not prepared for the harsh North American winters. While land was abundant in North America, it first had to be cleared before crops could be grown. In some areas, the soil was too dry and hard to farm. Early colonists were not prepared for the amount of hard work it would take to survive in this wilderness. CICERO © 2011

Unforgiving wilderness Colonial Hardships Difficult Climate Unforgiving wilderness Disease 4 5 Early colonists were not prepared for the harsh North American winters. While land was abundant in North America, it first had to be cleared before crops could be grown. In some areas, the soil was too dry and hard to farm. Early colonists were not prepared for the amount of hard work it would take to survive in this wilderness. Due to the difficult climate and lack of food, many early colonists succumbed to disease. CICERO © 2011

Colonial Hardships Difficult Climate Unforgiving wilderness 5 Disease Clashes with American Indians 5 Early colonists were not prepared for the harsh North American winters. While land was abundant in North America, it first had to be cleared before crops could be grown. In some areas, the soil was too dry and hard to farm. Early colonists were not prepared for the amount of hard work it would take to survive in this wilderness. Due to the difficult climate and lack of food, many early colonists succumbed to disease. A short period of friendship between English colonists and native tribes followed the initial settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts. However, tension soon arose, usually due to conflict over land. CICERO © 2011

Colonial Hardships Difficult Climate Rivalry among European Nations Unforgiving wilderness Disease Clashes with American Indians Rivalry among European Nations Early colonists were not prepared for the harsh North American winters. While land was abundant in North America, it first had to be cleared before crops could be grown. In some areas, the soil was too dry and hard to farm. Early colonists were not prepared for the amount of hard work it would take to survive in this wilderness. Due to the difficult climate and lack of food, many early colonists succumbed to disease. A short period of friendship between English colonists and native tribes followed the initial settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts. However, tension soon arose, usually due to conflict over land. Fierce competition between European nations meant that early colonists lived under the constant threat of invasion and conquest. Diagrams CICERO © 2011

Causes of the French and Indian War Colonists Britain and France American Indians Diagrams CICERO © 2011

Causes of the French and Indian War Colonists Britain and France had been competing for centuries. Each wanted to dominate Europe and control as much territory around the world as possible. American Indians CICERO © 2011

Causes of the French and Indian War Colonists from Virginia and Pennsylvania wanted to settle in the Ohio Valley and bring an end to France’s domination of the fur trade. Britain and France had been competing for centuries. Each wanted to dominate Europe and control as much territory around the world as possible. American Indians CICERO © 2011

Causes of the French and Indian War Colonists from Virginia and Pennsylvania wanted to settle in the Ohio Valley and bring an end to France’s domination of the fur trade. Britain and France had been competing for centuries. Each wanted to dominate Europe and control as much territory around the world as possible. American Indians in the Ohio Valley wanted to keep the English colonists from spreading farther west. Other American Indians wanted to claim the Ohio Valley for themselves. Diagrams CICERO © 2011

Phases of the French and Indian War 1754 – 1756 Phase 2 1756 – 1758 Phase 3 1758 – 1763 Diagrams CICERO © 2011

Phases of the French and Indian War 1754 – 1756 Phase 2 1756 – 1758 Phase 3 1758 – 1763 Local actions in North America beginning with Fort Necessity; Most action is about trying to capture frontier forts; The British are largely unsuccessful. CICERO © 2011

Phases of the French and Indian War 1754 – 1756 Phase 2 1756 – 1758 Phase 3 1758 – 1763 Local actions in North America beginning with Fort Necessity; Most action is about trying to capture frontier forts; The British are largely unsuccessful. Begins with a real declaration of war (May15, 1756); Touches off a true world war (Seven Years War); Both sides commit more men and resources. CICERO © 2011

Phases of the French and Indian War 1754 – 1756 Phase 2 1756 – 1758 Phase 3 1758 – 1763 Local actions in North America beginning with Fort Necessity; Most action is about trying to capture frontier forts; The British are largely unsuccessful. Begins with a real declaration of war (May18, 1756); Touches off a true world war (Seven Years War); Both sides commit more men and resources. Britain decides to concentrate on North America; Britain invests HUGE amounts of money; Ends with British victory. CICERO © 2011

What Is Wrong With This Picture? The First Thanksgiving by Jennie A. Brownscombe (1914) CICERO © 2011

What Is Wrong With This Picture? Pilgrim men did not eat together with Pilgrim women at large gatherings. The First Thanksgiving by Jennie A. Brownscombe (1914) CICERO © 2011

What Is Wrong With This Picture? A Pilgrim house would not have a front porch. Their roofs were made from grass (thatch) and steeply pitched. The First Thanksgiving by Jennie A. Brownscombe (1914) CICERO © 2011

What Is Wrong With This Picture? Right Pilgrims are often depicted wearing only black and white dress. However, they actually wore brightly colored clothing. The First Thanksgiving by Jennie A. Brownscombe (1914) CICERO © 2011