The Enlightenment Spreads Chapter 22, Section 3

In Activity Who were the Philosophes and what did they advocate? On page 27 Answer the following Questions: Who were the Philosophes and what did they advocate? FRENCH THINKERS AND SOCIAL CRITICS; APPLYING REASON TO MANY ASPECTS IN LIFE. What are the Natural Rights with which people are born with according to John Locke? LIFE, LIBERTY, PROPERTY

Paris In the 1700s, Paris was the intellectual capital of Europe. People flocked there to study, philosophize, and enjoy fine culture. The brightest minds of this era gathered there. From their circles spread the ideas of the Enlightenment.

The Paris Salons Several wealthy women in Paris held regular social gatherings in their mansions. These gatherings were called ‘salons’. Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and intellectuals met to discuss ideas and enjoy artistic performances.

Marie Therese Geoffrin Madame Geoffrin was the most influential salon hostess.

Madame Geoffrin’s salon 1755

Art and Literature The Enlightenment is also known as the “Age of Reason”. The ideals of order and reason were reflected in the arts. Music Literature Painting Architecture

Representative Composers Baroque Music Representative Composers Antonio Vivaldi Johann Sebastian Bach George Friedrich Handel Baroque music Bach

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) Representative Works Most famous work Le quattro stagioni (The Four Seasons) written in 1723. 46 operas 76 sonatas Chamber music Sacred music four seasons

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Representative Works cantatas chorales organ works lute music chamber music canons and fugues Famous piece: “Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring” bach

George Frederick Handel (1685-1759) Representative Works 42 operas 29 oratorios 120 cantatas, trios, duets numerous arias chamber music Most famous work: Messiah oratorio traditionally performed during the Christmas season, including “Hallelujah Chorus”.

Classical Music A new lighter style of music during the Enlightenment. Hayden, Mozart, and Beethoven were three classical composers from Austria.

Joseph Hayden (1732-1809) Known as “Father of the Symphony” and “Father of the String Quartet” Representative Works 104 Symphonies numerous concertos for various instruments 15 operas other music

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) Representative works 23 operas numerous symphonies “Toy Symphony” concertos “Flute concerto no. 2 in D Major, K 314” piano music chamber music sacred music masses Rabbit of Seville Marriage of figaro Mozart Bio Rock me Amedeus

Ludwig van Beethoven Representative Works Symphonies (5th and 9th probably the most famous) Piano music “Fur Elise” Vocal music Operas Choral music Beethoven bio

Enlightened Despots Some monarchs embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected Enlightenment beliefs. They were called Enlightened Despots. Despots means ‘Absolute Ruler’

Enlightened Despots Supported the new ideas, but they had no intention of giving up any power. They only had two desires. Make their country stronger Rule more effectively The foremost of Europe's Enlightened despots Frederick II of Prussia Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II of Austria Catherine the Great of Russia

Enlightened Despots Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia Joseph II of Austria Catherine II (the Great) of Russia

Frederick the Great of (Prussia) King of Prussia – 1740-1786 Granted religious freedoms Reduced censorship Improved education Reformed the justice system & abolished torture “the first servant of the state”

Joseph II of Austria Religion The Arts Joseph II had the most progressive policy of religion toleration in all of Europe. He granted toleration toward Jews as well as Protestants. His anti-clerical and liberal innovations provoked a visit from the Pope Pius VI in 1782. Joseph showed himself a good Catholic, but was not persuaded to change his liberal positions on religion. The Arts He was known as the “musical king.” He was a huge patron of composers. He is featured prominently in the movie Amadeus, the fictionalized biography of Mozart.

Joseph II Ruled Austria from 1780-1790 Introduced legal reforms Freedom of the press Freedom of worship Abolished serfdom When he died, most of his reforms were undone.

Catherine the Great Ruled Russia from 1762-1796. Ruled with absolute authority but wanted to reform Russia. Reformed Russian law based on ideas of Montesquieu and Beccaria

Reforming Russia Catherine recommended: Religious toleration Abolishing torture and capital punishment Her commission did not accomplish these goals. Eventually, passed limited reforms. Did nothing to help peasants. Serfs rose up against her. Army crushed them. Turned power of serfs over to nobles.

Think-Pair-Share 1st – Think to yourself about the following the questions: Do you support capital punishment? Why/why not? 2nd – Pair up with the person beside you and discuss your stance on the issue. 3rd – Share with the class.

Denis Diderot

Diderot’s Encyclopedia Diderot began to publish a series of books in 1751 that were compilations of articles from leading scholars. Even though the French government and the Catholic Church censored the Encyclopedia, it was responsible for spreading Enlightenment ideas all over Europe.

Neoclassical Style Neoclassical art began to replace baroque art during the late 1700s. Neoclassical art followed a simple and elegant style that drew on ideas from classical Greece and Rome.

Neoclassical vs. Baroque

Baroque Church vs. Neoclassical

Changes in Literature during the Enlightenment 18th Century writers began writing novels, lengthy works of prose or fiction…Pamela, Samuel Richardson, is often considered the first English Novel