Determining Wages Chapter 15 4/7/2019

Labor & Wages Labor – blue-collar & white-collar workers, and small business owners Wages- the price that employers pay for labor. Includes salaries as well as fringe benefits Nominal wage Real wage 4/7/2019

General Level of Wages Includes a wide range of different wage rates Wages differ among nations, regions, occupations, and individuals Also differ by gender, race, and ethnic background 3. Why are real wages high in the U.S.? The demand for labor in our country is large compared to the supply of labor; therefore, the wages go up 4/7/2019

Role of Productivity If a person is more productive, there is a greater demand for their services. If total supply of labor remains fixed, wages will rise. Reasons for high productivity Plentiful capital Access to abundant natural resources Advanced technology Labor quality Intangible factors 4/7/2019

Purely competitive labor market Many firms compete with one another in hiring labor Many qualified workers with identical skills supplies that type of labor Individual firms & individual workers are “wage takers” 4/7/2019

Market demand for labor Firms don’t have to be in the same industry Add the demand curves of the individual firms Market supply- employers must pay higher wage rates to obtain more workers. They may need to bid workers away from other industries. 4/7/2019

Labor market equilibrium Intersection of market labor demand and market supply curves This determines wage rate and level of employment 4/7/2019

Monopsony model Single employer of labor Characteristics Single buyer Labor – immobile Firm = “wage maker” 4/7/2019

MRC Higher Than the Wage Rate When higher wages are paid to new workers, current workers need to get paid that wage as well. Uniform wages brings the mrc higher than the wage rate 4/7/2019

MRC Table Units of Labor Wage Rate Total Labor Cost MRC 5 $0 --- 1 6 2 5 $0 --- 1 6 2 7 14 8 3 24 10 4 9 36 12 50 11 66 16 4/7/2019

Three Union Models Unions bargain with a large number of employers. Goals- better wages, hours, and working conditions for their members 4/7/2019

Increasing Demand For Labor Increase product demand Increase productivity Raise the price of other inputs 4/7/2019

Craft Union Model Unions can boost wage rates by reducing the supply of labor Unions have supported legislation that has: Restricted immigration Reduced child labor Encouraged compulsory retirement Enforced a shorter workweek 4/7/2019

Craft unions- members possess a particular skill (I. e Craft unions- members possess a particular skill (I.e. carpenters, electricians) Exclusive unionism- by excluding workers from unions and from the labor supply, craft unions succeed in elevating wage rates. Occupational licensing- laws are passed by government stating that you can practice their trade only if they meet certain requirements. 4/7/2019

Industrial Unions Unions seek to organize all available workers (skilled & unskilled). Limited membership policies would make nonunion workers available to employers. 4/7/2019

Union Wages Union members usually get 15% higher wages over non-union 4/7/2019

Minimum Wage Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) allowed minimum wage and overtime Purpose- provide a “living wage” that will allow less skilled workers to earn enough to escape poverty 4/7/2019

Minimum Wage Cons Pros Less people hired Increase wages without increasing unemployment May produce more jobs Increase labor productivity Reduce labor turnover Cons Less people hired Higher labor costs may force some firms out of business Better to have a job at a lower wage 4/7/2019

Marginal Revenue Productivity Demand for labor depends on how much the worker contributes to employers revenue Labor productivity Demand for the products produced 4/7/2019

Noncompeting Groups Workers representing different occupations Ability Education & Training Investment in human capital 4/7/2019

Compensating Differences Must be compensated for nonmonetary differences in the job Job may be unattractive (I.e. garbage man) 4/7/2019

Market Imperfections Lack of job information Geographic immobility Unions and government restraints Discrimination 4/7/2019

Pay for Performance Piece rates Commissions Royalties Bonuses, stock options, profit sharing Efficiency wages 4/7/2019