Review 4 Exam 4 on Chapters 9, 12, 14 and 15

Chapter 9 Chemical Reactions Sections (9. 1, 9. 2 9 Chapter 9 Chemical Reactions Sections (9.1, 9.2 9.3) omit Rest of the sections Moles  moles of reactants and products Start from Balanced chemical Equation Moles is like cups in a recipe In moles to moles problem – Moles from Balanced chemical equation NO NEED TO CALCULATE molar mass, Avogadro number etc. Grams Grams of reactants and products Calculate the molar masses for things in question Multiply by the coefficients with molar masses for stoichiometric equivalence Moles  Grams of reactants and products Moles = weight in grams/molar mass

Chapter 14 Chapter 9 Balance equations First!!! Calculations in chemical reaction how much reactant will produce how much product, moles to moles, grams to grams etc- STOICHIOMETRY Chapter 14 14.2 Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures A. Any homogenous mixture is a solution B. Solute: major component C. Solute: minor component, can be more than one 14.3 Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy A. Solubility and Saturation 1. Saturated: solvent holding as much solute as it can 2. Unsaturated: solvent can hold more solute 3. Supersaturated: solvent holding more than the maximum amount of solute B. Electrolyte solutions: dissolved ionic solids 1. Strong electrolyte solution 2. Nonelectrolyte solution C. Solubility is temperature dependent D. Rock candy 14.4 Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz A. Solubility is a function of temperature and pressure B. Dilute vs. concentrated

14.5 Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent B. Conversion factor between amount of solution and amount of a particular solute 14.6 Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity A. Molarity (M) = B. Volume of solution, not just solvent C. Units always mol/L D. Ion concentrations 14.8 Solution Stoichiometry A. Balanced chemical equations give molar ratios only B. Convert volume to moles using molarity, then use balanced chemical equation

Ideal Gas Law Chap 12 A single equation relating all properties of a gas. PV = nRT where R is the universal gas constant V1 V2 n1 n2 = P1V1 = P2V2 V1 V2 T1 T2 = Constant n and T Constant n and P Constant P and T V a 1/P Boyle’s Law V a T Charles’ Law V a n Avogadro’s Law V is DIRECTLY prop to n P is INVERSLY prop to V V is DIRECTLY prop to T

Chapter 15 15.1 Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies 15.2 Acids: Properties and Examples A. Sour taste B. Dissolve many metals C. Turn litmus paper red D. Common acids 1. HCl is hydrochloric acid 2. H2SO4 is sulfuric acid 3. HNO3 is nitric acid 15.3 Bases: Properties and Examples A. Bitter taste B. Feel slippery C. Turn litmus paper blue D. Common bases 1. Ammonia NH3 2. Sodium hydroxide NaOH 3. Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3

15.4 Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases A. Arrhenius definition 1. Acids produce H+ ions in aqueous solution 2. Bases produce OH- ions in aqueous solution B. H+ is actually H3O+ C. Brønsted-Lowry Definition 1. Acids are proton (H+) donors 2. Base are proton (H+) acceptors D. Conjugate acid-base pairs 15.5 Reactions of Acids and Bases A. Neutralization reactions B. Acid reactions C. Base reactions

15.6 Acid-Base Titrations: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution A. Add solution of known concentration to solution of unknown concentration B. Equivalence (end) point C. Indicator MaVa = MbVb For 1:1 acid base stoichiometry Check acid base formula to adjust the stoichiometry 15.7 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases A Strong acids are strong electrolytes B. Weak acids are weak electrolytes C. Diprotic and triprotic acids D. Strong bases E. Weak bases

15.8 Water: Acid and Base in One A. Amphoteric B. All aqueous solution contains both H3O+ and OH- C. Kw = [H3O+][OH-] D. Acid : [H3O+] > 1.0 x 10-7 M E. Base : [H3O+] < 1.0 x 10-7 M 15.9 The pH Scale: A Way to Express Acidity and Basicity A. pH = -log[H3O+] B. In a acidic solution, pH <7 C. In a neutral solution, pH =7 D. In a basic solution, pH >7 16.4 Buffers: Not included for this test Solutions That Resist pH Change A. Resist pH change B. Contain both a weak acid and its conjugate base C. Weak acid neutralizes added base D. Conjugate base neutralizes added acid