BELLWORK: January 24th Explain the division of Korea. Include how it was divided, why, influence of superpowers and leaders. Originally the division of Korea was supposed to be temporary, so what changed this? Why was it difficult (impossible) to unite Korea? THINKER: Neither superpower believed occupation was beneficial and both wanted to withdrawal their troops ASAP, so why did they maintain a presence in Korea?

The first “hot war” and “proxy war” 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 The Korean War The first “hot war” and “proxy war” 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953

Background: Russo-Japanese War (1905)

Background: Japanese annexation of Korea (1910)

Cairo Conference: November 1943 Jiang (& his wife), FDR & Churchill……where was Stalin? The three powers declared that they were, "mindful of the enslavement of the people of Korea, ... determined that in due course Korea shall become free and independent.”

Korea post-WWII After atomic bombing in August 1945, Soviet forces invaded Manchuria (Yalta Conference) Continued into Korea but stopped at 38th parallel US fearful that entire peninsula would fall under Soviet control, so sent occupying forces (Both sides removed by 1949)

BELLWORK: January 24th Explain the division of Korea. Include how it was divided, why, influence of superpowers and leaders. Originally the division of Korea was supposed to be temporary, so what changed this? Why was it difficult (impossible) to unite Korea? THINKER: Neither superpower believed occupation was beneficial and both wanted to withdrawal their troops ASAP, so why did they maintain a presence in Korea?

A Divided Korea Division of Korea was the result of an Allied victory in WWII Ended Japan’s 35-year colonial rule US and USSR agreed to temporary occupation Zone of control & division along 38th parallel Purpose of occupation was to establish a Korean provisional government that would eventually become free and have elections (formal divide – 1948… why no elections??) Republic of Korea (ROK - South Korea) Supported by the U.S. and UN Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK - North Korea) Supported by Soviet Union & China

Allied Occupation of Korea Captured North Korean women were sometimes raped and forced to work as sex slaves – comfort women

South Korean citizens protest Allied occupation (trusteeship)

Discuss: Korean Leaders Syngman Rhee Kim Il-Sung

Syngman Rhee 1945 - leader of provisional government in ROK Appointed by US because he was pro-Western and anti-communist After elections in 1948, became first president of South Korea Extremely oppressive and unpopular in South Korea Was openly hostile/aggressive towards the North = U.S. suspicious!

Kim Il Sung Leader of North Korea from its establishment (1948) until his death (1994) Member of CCP (Fought in CCW) A Major in the Soviet Red Army during WWII Soviets installed him as leader of prov.gov. in December 1945 Created Korean People’s Army (KPA) with direct aide from Stalin In 1948, the DPRK was established and Kim was chosen as premier (against UN) Began to consolidate control in 1949 (anti-U.S. rumors, prison camps, purges, speeches) Changing relations w/ Mao & USSR during CW

Kim’s form of communism = Juche Self-reliancy! Anti-foreigner

Failed re-unification Both sides want to unite Korea through force, but can’t do it alone… South: Rhee needed aide from US/UN (U.S. feared aide = war) North: Not strong enough militarily; needed USSR/China (Stalin initially refused, but changed his mind…) South Korean general election: 1948

North Korea’s Cult of Personality Kim Il Sung 1949-1994 Kim Jong Il 1994-2011 Kim Jong Un 2011-present

North Korea’s Cult of Personality https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zYsUqAYg6c https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULu8X2Max0k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGU_BrRlvB8

BELLWORK: January 25th What did NSC-68 rule? How did this impact the war? Explain the roles of Stalin & Mao in starting the War. How was the UN involved in the Korean War? THINKER: Why were people critical of UN involvement in the war? Do you agree?

Failed re-unification Both sides want to unite Korea through force, but can’t do it alone… South: Rhee needed aide from US/UN (U.S. feared aide = war; $150M for econ assistance & education) North: Not strong enough militarily; needed USSR/China (Stalin initially refused, but changed his mind…) South Korean general election: 1948

NSC-68 & U.S. Involvement What did NSC-68 rule? How did this impact the war? Sec. of State Acheson Pacific Perimeter Speech

Explain the roles of Stalin & Mao in starting the Korean War. Exclusion of Korea in sphere, U.S. withdrawal from Japan & Soviet intelligence that U.S. disliked Rhee caused Stalin to change his position!

Welcome celebration for the Red Army in Pyongyang (October 1945)

How was the UN involved in the Korean War? Why were people critical of UN involvement in the war? Do you agree?

The Fighting Sides NORTH: 1,642,600 total SOUTH: 972,334 total DPRK: 266,600 PRC: 1,350,000 USSR: 26,000 ROK: 602,000 UN  U.S.: 326,000 U.K.: 14,000 Canada: 8,000 Turkey: 5,000 Australia: 2,000 Philippines: 1,500 New Zealand: 1,300 Thailand, Ethiopia, Greece, France, Colombia, Belgium, South Africa, the Netherlands and Luxembourg ~ <1,000

General Douglas MacArthur How was he involved in WWII? In charge of UN forces in Korea Under his command, forces launched an amphibious invasion at Incheon and were successful in pushing the North Koreans back. Urged the US to use the atomic bomb against China……caused his dismissal in 1951.

The entire war in four maps…..

North Korea invades South June 24, 1950

US/UN Response September – October 1950 US troops invade at Inchon UN intervenes & captures Pyongyang

China Enters War November 1950 Pushed UN forces back and captured Seoul

Stalemate March 1951-March 1953 UN-ROK coalition Negotiations begin in 1951 (why?) and demilitarized zone is established Armistice formally reestablished division of Korea

Review Activity

20th Century Battlefields: Korea https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tad8OjqYT7E