Prepared by: Engr. Qurban Ali Memon Incharge of Final project Lab. Lecture#1 Prepared by: Engr. Qurban Ali Memon Incharge of Final project Lab.

Different electrical & electronic Components Resistor: A Resistor is a component used to reduce the amount of current through a circuit. Mathematically, Resistance is given by Ohm’s Law: V=IR or R =V /I The resistor's ability to reduce the current is called resistance and is measured in units of ohms (symbol: Ω).

Types of resistors: Fixed resistors, as the name suggests are the ones whose resistance cannot be varied. Symbol of fixed Resistor: 2. variable resistors can be changed. The symbols for variable resistor are shown in the figure. Symbol of Variable Resistor:

What is Color coding Table of color coding “Color coding” is used in electronics to identify between different components. In the case of resistors, color coding is used to identify a specific resistance value, for example a 100 ohms resistor or a 1 kilo ohms Table of color coding

How to Identify Resistor Color Code 4 band resistor – has 3 color bands on left side and one color band on right side. First two bands represent significant digits, the 3rd band represents multiplier and the fourth band on right side represents tolerance. Band 1 – First digit value of color Band 2 – Second digit value of color Band 3 – Decimal Multiplier Band 4 – Tolerance Value 47x102 or 4700+ 10%

5-Band Resistor Color Code Identification Let us consider the color code for the resistor with the bands Red- Blue-Black-Orange-Silver. Red corresponds to the value ‘2’ in the color chart. Blue represents ‘6’ and Black represents the value ‘0’.  Orange represents the multiplier ‘3’. Thus the value of the resistance to the corresponding color code is 260000 or 260x103 or 260kΩ with the tolerance band being silver which represents a tolerance of + 10%. Band 1 – First digit value of resistor Band 2 – Second digit value of resistor Band 3 –Third digit value of resistor Band 4 – Decimal Multiplier Band 5- Tolerance Value 260000 or 260x103 or = 260kΩ+ 10%

Tolerance Maximum value: 4700+470 = 5170 To measure the actual value of resistance. Its minimum and maximum resistance can be calculated using the tolerance value: 4700+ 10% 4700x10/100 = 470 Maximum value: 4700+470 = 5170 Minimum value: 4700-470 = 4230

Electro light Capacitor: Electrical or electronic device that (like a battery) stores electric current. Capacitor has two legs. One leg has (-) signs next to it, this is the negative side. The other side is positive, sign (+) this is the positive side. Capacitance is measured in faradays. Electro light capacitor

Non Electro light Capacitor: All non  electrolytic capacitors are non polarized capacitors whose no positive and negative sign. In non electro light capacitor both legs are equal. Non-Electro light capacitor

Multi meter: A multimeter is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. Multimeters were invented in the early 1920s. To measure the different quantities. ( AC voltage, dc voltage, resistance, dc current etc).

Types of Multimeters: Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM): A digital multimeter displays the value in numbers. Analog multimeters use a micro ammeter whose pointer moves over a scale calibrated for all the different measurements that can be made.

Analog Multimeter Digital Multimeter

Analog ac & dc voltmeter: The Ac voltmeter is a device used to measure the only Ac voltage. The dc voltmeter is a device used to measure the only dc voltage. Analog a.c Voltmeter: Analog d.c Voltmeter:

Transformer: A transformer is an electrical device that converts the high voltage into low voltage Types of Transformers: Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. A step down transformer is a transformer which converts high voltage into low voltage. A transformer is commonly used to step down the input AC voltage into desire level. Most electronic circuits operate on lower voltage than the AC line voltage so the transformer normally steps the voltage down.

Step down Transformer

Bread board: Bread board A breadboard is used to connect any circuit temporary. The breadboard has many holes into which circuit components like IC and resistors can be inserted. Bread board

The top and bottom rows are linked horizontally all the way across The top and bottom rows are linked horizontally all the way across. The power supply is connected to these rows, + at the top and 0V (zero volts) at the bottom. I suggest using the upper row of the bottom pair for 0V, then you can use the lower row for the negative supply with circuits requiring a dual supply (e.g. +9V, 0V, -9V). The other holes are linked vertically in blocks of 5 with no link across the centre.

Vero board: The Vero board is used to connect circuit permanent. The components are usually placed on the plain side of the board then leads of components to cross from holes of other side of the board. Now leads are  soldered with the copper wire of other side of the board to make the desired connections and any excess wire is cut off.

Vero board

Diode: The diode is a device which current flows only one direction. The diode has two terminals. Two terminals are anode (A) and cathode (K). The decides whether condition is forward bias or reverse bias. Diode is used for rectification. Diode

Ac input Circuit diagram of half wave Rectification: Circuit diagram of full wave Rectification n: Ac input Output of full wave Rectification Output of half wave Rectification

Zener diode: The zener diode work in both directions. The zener diode has two terminals. The anode (A) has positive charge and cathode negative (K) negative charge. The zener diode is used for voltage regulation. Different zener diodes are available for fixed voltage. (5v. 9v etc) Zener diode

Voltage regulator Ic: The Ic is an abbreviation of integrated circuit. The Ic is a combination of resistors, capacitors, inductors and transistors. The Ic has three terminals. A Voltage Regulator Icis an electrical device designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. This type of Ic can work only forward bias. Different Ic’s available for fixed voltages are LM7805, LM7806, LM7809 and LM7812. Com output Input

Oscilloscope: An oscilloscope is an abbreviation Cathode ray Oscilloscope (CRO). The oscilloscope is a versatile instrument. The main function of Oscilloscope is used to measure the dc/ac voltage, dc/ac current and also we can check two or more waveforms on the screen. We can observe the input and output on Oscilloscope Oscilloscope:

Transistor: The transistor is derived from two words. (Trans and Istor) The transistor is used for amplification. There are two types of transistors. (BJT & FET). PNP Transistor: NPN Transistor: