Service Engineering and Management Lecture 2 ISM 270 Service Engineering and Management Lecture 2

Notes Video of class available from website Homework 1 due next week Username: Password: Homework 1 due next week Homework 2 due 2 weeks Office hours 5pm room 2085 Computer access to SOE account available Library challenges

Homework: Week 1 Link

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Method for evaluating efficiency of similar venues/products Incorporates inputs and outputs – not just one dimensional Uses LINEAR PROGRAMMING (LP) KEY IDEA: Weight the inputs and outputs to make one unit as efficient as possible, relative to all others If this is 100% efficient, then the unit is on the frontier of efficiency; If less than 100%, there are other units that could utilize the SAME inputs for MORE outputs

DEA summary of terms Define variables Note: E_k = efficiency of unit k u_j= coefficient for output j (relative decrease in efficiency per unit reduction of output value) v_i = coefficient for input i (relative increase in efficiency per unit decrease of input value) O_jk = observed ouput j units generated by service unit k during one time period I_ik = no. units input used by service unit k during one period Note: k=1..K = service unit counter j=1..M = output counter i=1..N = input counter

DEA Objective and constraints Evaluating unit e Trick = Rescaling to get linear equations

Example from Text: Burger Palace Small, artificial example for illustration! Page 68 Excel formulation

The Nature of Services

Learning Objectives Classify a service into one of four categories using the service process matrix. Describe a service using the four dimensions of the service package. Discuss the managerial implications of the distinctive characteristics of a service operation. Discuss the insights obtained from a strategic classification of services. Discuss the role of a service manager from an open-systems view of service.

An Integrated Approach to Service Management The Eight Components • Product Elements • Place, Cyberspace, and Time • Promotion and Education • Price and Other User Outlays + Process + Productivity and Quality + People + Physical Evidence Require the Integration of Marketing, Operations, and Human Resources

Service/Product Bundle Element Core Goods Example Core Service Business Custom clothier Business hotel Core Business suits Room for the night Peripheral Goods Garment bag Bath robe Service Deferred payment plans In house restaurant Variant Coffee lounge Airport shuttle

The Service Process Matrix Degree Degree of Interaction and Customization of labor Intensity Low High Service factory: Service shop: * Airlines * Hospitals Low * Trucking * Auto repair * Hotels * Other repair services * Resorts and recreation Mass service: Professional service: * Retailing * Doctors High * Wholesaling * Lawyers * Schools * Accountants * Retail aspects of * Architects commercial banking

The Service Package Supporting Facility: The physical resources that must be in place before a service can be sold. Examples are golf course, ski lift, hospital, airplane. Facilitating Goods: The material consumed by the buyer or items provided by the consumer. Examples are food items, legal documents, golf clubs, medical history. Information: Operations data or information that is provided by the customer to enable efficient and customized service. Examples are patient medical records, seats available on a flight, customer preferences, location of customer to dispatch a taxi. Explicit Services: Benefits readily observable by the senses. The essential or intrinsic features. Examples are quality of meal, attitude of the waiter, on-time departure. Implicit Services: Psychological benefits or extrinsic features which the consumer may sense only vaguely. Examples are privacy of loan office, security of a well lighted parking lot.

Distinctive Characteristics of Services Customer Participation in the Service Process: attention to facility design but opportunities for co-production Simultaneity: opportunities for personal selling, interaction creates customer perceptions of quality Perishability: cannot inventory, opportunity loss of idle capacity, need to match supply with demand Intangibility: creative advertising, no patent protection, importance of reputation Heterogeneity: customer participation in delivery process results in variability

Strategic Service Classification (Nature of the Service Act) Direct Recipient of the Service Nature of the Service Act People Things People’s bodies: Physical possessions: Health care Freight transportation Passenger transportation Repair and maintenance Tangible actions Beauty salons Veterinary care Exercise clinics Janitorial services Restaurants Laundry and dry cleaning People’s minds: Intangible assets: Education Banking Intangible actions Broadcasting Legal services Information services Accounting Theaters Securities Museums Insurance

Strategic Service Classification (Relationship with Customers) Type of Relationship between Service Organization and Its Customers Nature of Service Delivery “Membership” relationship No formal relationship Insurance Radio station Telephone subscription Police protection Continuous delivery Electric Utility Lighthouse of service Banking Public Highway Long-distance phone calls Restaurant Theater series tickets Pay phone Discrete Transit pass Toll highway transactions Sam’s Wholesale Club Movie theater Airline frequent flyer Public transportation

Strategic Service Classification (Customization and Judgment) Extent to Which Service Characteristics Are Customized Extent to Which Personnel Exercise Judgment in Meeting Customer Needs High Low Surgery Preventive health programs High Taxi services Education (large classes) Gourmet restaurant Family restaurant Telephone service Public transportation Hotel services Spectator sports Low Retail banking Movie theater Cafeteria Institutional food service

Strategic Service Classification (Nature of Demand and Supply) Extent of Demand Fluctuation over Time Extent to which Supply Is Constrained Wide Narrow Electricity Insurance Peak demand can Telephone Legal services usually be met Police emergency Banking without a major delay Hospital maternity unit Laundry and dry cleaning Tax preparation Fast food restaurant Peak demand regularly Passenger transportation Movie theater exceeds capacity Hotels and motels Gas station

Strategic Service Classification (Method of Service Delivery) Availability of Service Outlets Nature of Interaction between Customer and Service Organization Single site Multiple site Customer travels to Theater Bus service service organization Barbershop Fast-food chain Service provider Taxi Mail delivery travels to customer Pest control service AAA emergency repairs Transaction is at Credit card company Broadcast network arm’s length Local TV station Telephone company

Open Systems View of Services Service Process Consumer Evaluation Consumer arrivals Consumer participant departures Criteria (input) Consumer-Provider ( output) Measurement interface Control Monitor Customer demand Service operations manager Service personnel Production function: Perceived needs Alter Monitor and control process Schedule Empowerment Location demand Marketing function: supply Training Interact with consumers Attitudes Control demand Modify as necessary Define standard Service package Supporting facility Communicate Facilitating goods Basis of by advertising Explicit services selection Implicit services

Topics for Discussion When does collecting information through service membership become an invasion of privacy? What are some management problems associated with allowing service employees to exercise judgement in meeting customer needs? What factors are important for a manager to consider when attempting to enhance a service firm’s image?

Sample Quiz Link

Service Strategy

Learning Objectives Formulate a strategic service vision. Discuss the competitive environment of services. Describe how a service competes using the three generic service strategies. Discuss the service purchase decision. Discuss the competitive role of information in services. Explain the role of the virtual value chain in service innovation. Discuss the limits in the use of information. Categorize a service firm according to its stage of competitiveness. Conduct a data envelopment analysis (DEA).

Strategic Service Vision Target Market Segments What are common characteristics of important market segments? What dimensions can be used to segment the market, demographic, psychographic? How important are various segments? What needs does each have? How well are these needs being served, in what manner, by whom?

Strategic Service Vision Service Concept What are important elements of the service to be provided, stated in terms of results produced for customers? How are these elements supposed to be perceived by the target market segment, by the market in general, by employees, by others? How do customers perceive the service concept? What efforts does this suggest in terms of the manner in which the service is designed, delivered, marketed?

Strategic Service Vision Operating Strategy What are important elements of the strategy: operations, financing, marketing, organization, human resources, control? On which will the most effort be concentrated? Where will investments be made? How will quality and cost be controlled: measures, incentives, rewards? What results will be expected versus competition in terms of, quality of service, cost profile, productivity, morale/loyalty of servers?

Strategic Service Vision Service Delivery System What are important features of the service delivery system including: role of people, technology, equipment, layout, procedures? What capacity does it provide, normally, at peak levels? To what extent does it, help insure quality standards, differentiate the service from competition, provide barriers to entry by competitors?

Competitive Environment of Services Relatively Low Overall Entry Barriers Economies of Scale Limited High Transportation Costs Erratic Sales Fluctuations No Power Dealing with Buyers or Suppliers Product Substitutions for Service High Customer Loyalty Exit Barriers

Competitive Service Strategies (Overall Cost Leadership) Seeking Out Low-cost Customers Standardizing a Custom Service Reducing the Personal Element in Service Delivery (promote self-service) Reducing Network Costs (hub and spoke) Taking Service Operations Off-line

Competitive Service Strategies (Differentiation) Making the Intangible Tangible (memorable) Customizing the Standard Product Reducing Perceived Risk Giving Attention to Personnel Training Controlling Quality Note: Differentiation in service means being unique in brand image, technology use, features, or reputation for customer service.

Competitive Service Strategies (Focus) Buyer Group: (e.g. USAA insurance and military officers) Service Offered: (e.g. Shouldice Hospital and hernia patients) Geographic Region: (e.g. Austin Cable Vision and TV watchers)

Customer Criteria for Selecting a Service Provider Availability (24 hour ATM) Convenience (Site location) Dependability (On-time performance) Personalization (Know customer’s name) Price (Quality surrogate) Quality (Perceptions important) Reputation (Word-of-mouth) Safety (Customer well-being) Speed (Avoid excessive waiting)

Service Purchase Decision Service Qualifier: To be taken seriously a certain level must be attained on the competitive dimension, as defined by other market players. Examples are cleanliness for a fast food restaurant or safe aircraft for an airline. Service Winner: The competitive dimension used to make the final choice among competitors. Example is price. Service Loser: Failure to deliver at or above the expected level for a competitive dimension. Examples are failure to repair auto (dependability), rude treatment (personalization) or late delivery of package (speed).

Competitive Role of Information in Services Strategic Focus Competitive Use of Information On-line (Real time) Off-line (Analysis) External (Customer) Creation of barriers to entry: Reservation system Frequent user club Switching costs Data base asset: Selling information Development of services Micro-marketing Internal (Operations) Revenue generation: Yield management Point of sale Expert systems Productivity enhancement Inventory status Data envelopment analysis (DEA)

The Virtual Value Chain Marketplace vs Marketspace Creating New Markets Using Information (Gather, Organize, Select, Synthesize, and Distribute) Three Stage Evolution • 1st Stage (Visibility): See physical operations more effectively with information – Ex. USAA “paperless operation” • 2nd Stage (Mirroring Capability): Substitute virtual activities for physical – Ex. USAA “automate underwriting” • 3rd Stage (New Customer Relationships): Draw on information to deliver value to customer in new ways – Ex. USAA “event oriented service”

Limits in the Use of Information Anti-competitive (Barrier to entry) Fairness (Yield management) Invasion of Privacy (Micro-marketing) Data Security (Medical records) Reliability (Credit report)

Using Information to Categorize Customers Coding grades customers on how profitable their business is. Routing is used by call centers to place customers in different queues based on customer code. Targeting allows choice customers to have fees waived and get other hidden discounts. Sharing data about your transaction history with other firms is a source of revenue.

Stages in Service Firm Competitiveness 1. Available for service 2. Journeyman 3. Distinctive competence 4. World-class service delivery Customers patronize service Customers neither seek Customers seek out the firm The company’s name is synonymous firm for reasons other than out nor avoid the firm. on the basis of its sustained with service excellence. Its service performance. reputation for meeting doesn’t just satisfy customers; it customer expectations delights them and thereby expands customer expectations to levels its competitors are unable to fulfill. Operations is reactive, Operations functions in a Operations continually excels, Operations is a quick learner and fast at best. mediocre, uninspired reinforced by personnel innovator; it masters every step of the fashion. management and systems service delivery process and provides that support an intense capabilities that are superior to customer focus. competitors. SERVICE QUALITY Is subsidiary to cost, Meets some customer Exceeds customer Raises customer expectations and highly variable. expectations; consistent expectations; consistent seeks challenge; improves on one or two key on multiple dimensions. continuously. dimensions.

Stages in Service Firm Competitiveness 1. Available for service 2. Journeyman 3. Distinctive competence 4. World-class service delivery BACK OFFICE Counting room. Contributes to service, plays Is equally valued with front Is proactive, develops its own an important role in the total office; plays integral role. capabilities, and generates service, is given attention, opportunities. but is still a separate role. CUSTOMER Unspecified, to be A market segment whose A collection of individuals A source of stimulation, ideas, satisfied at minimum cost. basic needs are understood. whose variation in needs is and opportunity. understood. INTRODUCTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY When necessary for When justified by cost When promises to enhance Source of first-mover advantages, survival, under duress. savings. service. creating ability to do things your competitors can’t do. WORKFORCE Negative constraint. Efficient resource; disciplined; Permitted to select among Innovative; creates procedures. follows procedures. alternative procedures. FRONT-LINE MANAGEMENT Controls workers. Controls the process. Listens to customers; coaches Is listened to by top management and facilitates workers. as a source of new ideas. Mentors works to enhance their career.

Mini case: America West Read

America West Airlines Strategy Target Strategic Advantage Low cost Uniqueness Entire Market Market Overall cost Differentiation Segment leadership Focus

America West Winning Customers Service Qualifiers: Service Winners: Service Losers:

America West Strategic Service Vision Target market segments Service concept Operating strategy Service delivery system

America West Airlines Positioning CABIN SERVICE Full Service PREFLIGHT SERVICE Inconvenient Convenient No Amenities

Homework 2

Paul Maglio

Next week: Alan Karp, HP Labs Technology in Services Project 1 given Homework 1 due