EUROPEANISATION AND SECULARISATION WOUT ULTEE RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN PRESENTATION AT THE COLLOQUIUM OF THE CENTRE FOR GLOBALISATION AND GOVERNANCE UNIVERSITÄT HAMBURG, JANUARY 17, 2007

AS THE WEBSITE OF THE CGG SAYS: GLOBALISATION AND GOVERNANCE ARE CONTESTED CONCEPTS BUT: CONCEPTS ARE UNIMPORTANT PERTINENT ARE PROPOSITIONS AND THE PROPOSITION THAT GLOBALISATION WEAKENS EXISTING FORMS OF GOVERNANCE IS A WORTHWHILE RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS Although that hypothesis needs elaboration and some findings speak against it

THE INITIAL QUESTION: WHERE IS THE WORLD GOING? THE ANSWER: THE WORLD IS GLOBALISING! THIS INITIAL DIAGNOSIS IS NOT BAD. BUT: GLOBALISATION OF WHAT? HOW STRONG IS THE TREND? AN UNCONDITIONAL TREND?!

HOW STRONG A GLOBALISATION OF WHAT? PRODUCTION FACILITIES ARES BEING SHIFTED FROM THE HYPERINDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES TO WHICH COUNTRIES? THE DUTCH CORPORATION PHILIPS IS SHIFTING ITS LIGHTING DIVISION NOT TO AFRICA BELOW THE SAHARA NOR TO SOUTH-EAST ASIA BUT TO EASTERN EUROPE AND THIS SHORT SHIFT IS NOT EXCEPTIONAL

HOW STRONG A GLOBALISATION OF WHAT? THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE PLACE WHERE GOODS ARE PRODUCED AND GOODS ARE CONSUMED IS GETTING LARGER BUT THERE ARE LIMITS: THE BORDERS OF THE ENLARGED EUROPEAN UNION

HOW STRONG A GLOBALISATION OF WHAT? THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE PLACE WHERE CAPITAL IS OWNED AND THE PLACE WHERE IT IS EMPLOYED IS GETTING LARGER BUT: DO NOT OVERDO THE DEVALUATION OF THE BRITISH POUND AND THE THAI BAHT EVEN GIVEN CONTEMPORARY WEAK STANDARDS CURRENCY TRADERS MAY HAVE COMMITTED WHITE COLLAR CRIMES

HOW STRONG A GLOBALISATION OF WHAT? THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE PLACE WHERE PEOPLE WERE BORN AND THE PLACE WHERE THEY NOW WORK IS GETTING LARGER BUT THERE ARE LAWS MAKING LABOR MOBILITY ILLEGAL, EVEN WITHIN THE ENLARGED EUROPEAN UNION U.S. CORPORATIONS ARE RENT-SEEKING ON FOREIGN STATES BY PLEADING FOR LEGAL ENTRY OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED LABOR

HOW STRONG A GLOBALISATION OF WHAT? THE PART OF THE WORLD ABOUT WHICH PEOPLE HAVE KNOWLEDGE IS GETTING LARGER BUT WESTERN TEENAGERS ARE USING THE INTERNET TO CHAT WITH THEIR SCHOOL FRIENDS AND WESTERN ADULTS ARE GOING ON HOLIDAY TO FAR-AWAY PLACES BECAUSE THEY ARE CERTAIN OF SUN THERE

SUMMING UP THE TREND TOWARDS GLOBALISATION IS MORE OF A TREND TOWARDS EUROPEANISATION AND WILL STOP AT THE BORDERS OF THE ENLARGED EUROPEAN UNION IN EASTERN EUROPE THERE IS CHEAP AND QUALIFIED LABOR ALTHOUGH PERHAPS NOT ALWAYS ENDOWED WITH A WORK ETHIC

THE GLOBALISATION PROPOSITION HAS BEEN TAKEN TO PERTAIN TO AN UNCONDITIONAL TREND YET ITS SUPPOSED CAUSE HAS BEEN STATED ALL KINDS OF FORMAL BARRIERS ARE BEING ELIMINATED MARKETS ARE BECOMING MORE FREE

GIVEN THIS CONDITION FOR A TREND THE DIAGNOSIS THAT THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD IS GLOBALISING IS SO-SO

FIRST REASON WHY THE WHOLE WORLD AND WILL NOT BECOME ONE FREE MARKET AFTER WORLD WAR 2 AND WITH DECOLONISATION THE INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES ALLOWED FREE IMPORTS OF RAW MATERIALS ONLY SINCE 1975 THEY HAVE LOWERED TARIFFS ON FINISHED GOODS BUT THERE STILL IS NO WORLD WIDE FREE TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS WHEREAS AGRICULTURE IS WORLD WIDE THE MOST IMPORTANT SECTOR OF EMPLOYMENT

SECOND REASON WHY THE WHOLE WORLD IS NOT AND WILL NOT BECOME ONE FREE MARKET AFTER WORLD WAR 2 AND WITH DECOLONISATION THE INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES BECAME DEPENDENT ON OIL AND THESE COUNTRIES HAVE TO IMPORT OIL SINCE 1973 THE OPEC COUNTRIES HAVE FORMED A CARTEL FOSSILE ENERGY WILL REMAIN THE LINCHPIN OF ANY INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY IN THE COMING DECADES

THIRD REASON WHY THE WHOLE WORLD IS NOT AND WILL NOT BECOME ONE FREE MARKET THE CORPORATIONS DOMINATING CURRENT HYPERINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES DEPEND UPON PATENTS FOR ALL KINDS OF INNOVATIONS THESE PATENTS LAST SO LONG THAT THESE CORPORATIONS HAVE BECOME QUASI- MONOPOLIES THE PERIOD COVERED BY PATENTS WILL NOT BE GETTING SHORTER AND PATENTS NOWADAYS ARE MORE OFTEN ENFORCED

FOURTH REASON WHY THE WHOLE WORLD IS NOT AND WILL NOT BECOME ONE FREE MARKET AND NOT EVEN THE INITIAL EUROPEAN UNION WILL BECOME SO THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD ARE MOVING FROM AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES BY WAY OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES TO HYPERINDUSTRIAL OR SERVICES SOCIETIES AND EVEN AND PARTICULARLY IN SERVICES SOCIETIES LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES ARE STRONG BARRIERS AGAINST LABOR AND HOUSEHOLD MOBILITY

EFFECTS OF GLOBALISATION AND EUROPEANISATION ON GOVERNANCE – GOVERNANCE OF WHAT? THE DEBATE CENTERS ON THE ABILITIES OF CURRENT STATES TO LESSEN INCOME INEQUALITIES

BEFORE PLAYING OFF THE THESIS THAT FREE MARKETS BENEFIT EVERYONE AGAINST THE THESIS THAT FREE MARKETS INCREASE INEQUALITIES IT IS WISE TO DETERMINE WHAT EXACTLY THESE THESES SAY AND WHAT EARLIER THESES SAID

THE THESIS THAT FREE MARKETS BENEFIT EVERYONE DOES NOT PREDICT SMALLER INEQUALITIES SINCE THE RICH MAY BENEFIT MORE THAN THE REST

THE DEBATE BETWEEN THE PRO-GLOBALISTS AND THE ANTI- GLOBALISTS IS A REPRISE OF THE DEBATE AROUND 1900 WITHIN THE GERMAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY ON THE EFFECTS OF PERSISTING CAPITALIST PRODUCTION RELATIONS

BERNSTEIN 1899 THE SHIFT FROM UNSKILLED TO SKILLED AND HIGHLY SKILLED WORK MAKES FOR HIGHER WAGES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES LUXEMBURG 1912 WAGES ARE RISING BUT NOT FOR THAT REASON, HIGHER WAGES ARE PAID OUT OT PROFITS MADE IN COLONIES, WHERE WAGES ARE GOING DOWN REVISIONIST RETORT ORTHODOX MARXISTS THINK THAT MARKETS ONLY CAN BECOME LARGER BY COLONIALISM RISING STANDARDS OF LIVING IN A COUNTRY AMOUNT TO AN INTERNAL ENLARGEMENT OF MARKETS

STERNBERG 1926 PROFITS FROM BRITISH COLONIES ARE NOT LARGE ENOUGH TO ACCOUNT FOR WAGE RISES IN BRITAIN GERMANY HAS HARDLY ANY COLONIES AND WAGES HAVE BEEN RISING THERE TOO WALLERSTEIN 1973 COLONIALISM MAY HAVE COLLAPSED BUT ECONOMIC DEPENDENCIES STILL ARE IN PLACE AND ABSOLUTE POVERTY RISES IN THE THIRD WORLD KLEIN 2000 NOW INCOME INEQUALITIES ARE RISING IN THE FIRST WORLD TOO

HOW USEFUL IS EMPIRICAL RESEARCH GIVEN THIS THEORETICAL QUAGMIRE? IT IS WISE TO DEVISE HYPOTHESES ABOUT EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC FORMS OF GOVERNANCE ON SPECIFIC FORMS OF INCOME INEQUALITY

BUT FIRST FIREBAUGHS PARADOX EVEN IF INCOME INEQUALITIES AS MEASURED BY GINIS AND INCOME SHARES IN EVERY COUNTRY OF THE WORLD IS RISING IT STILL MAY BE THE CASE THAT WORLD INCOME INEQUALITY DROPS WITH WORLD INCOME INEQUALITY DETERMINED IN THE SAME WAY BUT BY TAKING WORLD POPULATION RATHER THAN COUNTRY POPULATIONS AS THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS

ACCORDING TO FIREBAUGH THIS POSSIBILITY RIGHT NOW IS A FACT WORLD INCOME INEQUALITY EQUALS INEQUALITY WITHIN COUNTRIES PLUS INEQUALITY BETWEEN COUNTRIES AND FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD POPULOUS CHINA AND INDIA WITH BELOW WORLD AVERAGE INCOME HAVE HAD A STRONGER RISE IN AVERAGE INCOME

MY OWN HYPOTHESIS THIS PARADOX RIGHT NOW IS OCCURRING WITHIN THE ENLARGED EUROPEAN UNION EUROSTAT HAS BEEN MISLEADING ABOUT THIS POSSIBLE PARADOX

EUROPEAN UNION INCOME INEQUALITY IS NOT (A WEIGHTED BY POPULATION) AVERAGE OF GINIS FOR ALL EU-COUNTRIES

EUROPEAN UNION INCOME INEQUALITY IS NOT AN AVERAGE OF INCOME QUINTILE SHARE RATIOS FOR EACH MEMBER STATE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

HERE IS A COMPARATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT TO BE FUNDED WITH EU MONEY OR ESF MONEY

FIRST SPECIFIC HYPOTHESIS IF IN SOME COUNTRY LEGAL MINIMUM WAGES ARE LOWER THAN IN ANOTHER COUNTRY UPON ECONOMIC UNIFICATION IN THE COUNTRY WITH THE HIGHEST LEGAL MINIMUM WAGES MINIMUM WAGES WILL BE GOING DOWN

SECOND SPECIFIC HYPOTHESIS IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION THERE WILL BE A CONVERGENCE OF SOCIAL SECURITY SCHEMES TOWARDS A LOW POINT THIS CONVERGENCE TAKES A FORM RESEMBLING THE DEVALUATION OF CURRENCIES IN THE 1930S IF ONE COUNTRY LOWERS SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS OTHER COUNTRIES WILL FOLLOW WITH THE BEGINNER IN THE END LOWERING BENEFITS AGAIN

THE UNITED KINDGOM STARTED A BEGGAR-MY- NEIGHBOUR ROUND UNDER THATCHER AND THE NETHERLANDS FOLLOWED SUIT UNDER LUBBERS BECAUSE FRANCE AND GERMANY DID NOT JOIN IN DUTCH UNEMPLOYMENT GOT FROM A EUROPEAN HIGH TO A EUROPEAN LOW KORPI & PALME SHOWED THAT IN PERIODS OF SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE, SOCIAL SECURITY CUTS WERE LOWER

THIRD SPECIFIC HYPOTHESIS IN COUNTRIES DIFFERING IN THE EXTENT TO WHICH INDIVIDUAL INCOME TAXES ARE PROGRESSIVE UPON ECONOMIC UNIFICATION THE COUNTRY WITH THE HIGHEST PROGRESSION LOWERS TAXES FOR THE INDIVIDUALS WITH THE HIGHEST INCOMES

FOURTH SPECIFIC HYPOTHESIS IF IN SOME COUNTRY CORPORATE TAXES ARE LOWER THAN IN ANOTHER COUNTRY UPON ECONOMIC UNIFICATION IN THE COUNTRY WITH THE HIGHEST CORPORATE TAXES CORPORATE TAXES WILL BE GOING DOWN

HEILBRONER SOCIETIES HAVE THREE INSTITUTIONS TO COORDINATE HUMAN ACTION MARKETS STATES COMMUNITIES

BLOSSFELD – MILLS HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE RELATION BETWEEN MARKETS AND COMMUNITIES GLOBALISATION MAKES IN HYPERINDUSTRIAL STATES FOR JOB PRECARITY AND JOB PRECARITY MAKES FOR COHABITION OR MARRIAGE AT A LATER AGE FOR COHABITATION RATHER THAN MARRIAGE AND FOR POSTPONEMENT OF CHILD BIRTH AND A SMALLER NUMBER OF CHILDREN

MY ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS TAKES CHANGES IN NUCLEAR FAMILY FORMATION AS INFLUENCED TOO AND MORE STRONGLY BY THE DECLINE OF RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES IN HYPERINDUSTRIAL STATES

THE MORE SECULARIZATION IN HYPERINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES THE MORE OPPOSITE-SEX BONDING WILL TAKE THE FORM OF COHABITATION RATHER THAN MARRIAGE NOT ONLY AMONG IRRELIGIOUS PERSONS BUT ALSO AMONG CHURCH MEMBERS AND CHURCH VISITORS WITH SIMILAR EFFECTS FOR CHILD-BEARING ADDITIONALLY, THE MORE SAME-SEX BONDING WILL TAKE PLACE AND THE MORE LIKELY SAME-SEX MARRIAGES WILL BE ALLOWED

BUT SECULARIZATION HAS MORE EFFECTS SINCE GALLIE & PAUGAM JOB PRECARITY IS HAVING A TEMPORARY CONTRACT OR WORKING PART-TIME YET IS SOME COUNTRIES PERSONS IN PART-TIME JOBS HAVE FIXED CONTRACTS WITH PROTECTION EQUAL TO FULL- TIME WORKING PERSONS

IF THE VARIOUS CHRISTIAN RELIGIONS OF THE WEST HELD THAT A MAN SHOULD PROVIDE MONEY FOR HIS FAMILY AND A WOMAN SHOULD KEEP THE HOUSE AND TAKE CARE OF THE CHILDREN THEN SECULARISATION EMBODIES AN EQULAITY NORM MAKING THAT WOMEN ENTER THE LABOR FORCE NOT NECESSARILY FOR FULL-TIME JOBS AND FOR MEN WITH PART-TIME JOBS TO SHARE WITH THEIR PARTNER THE CARE OF CHILDREN

SO MY HYPOTHESIS IS THAT WORKING PART-TIME FOR WOMEN IS AN EARLY CONSEQUENCE OF SECULARISATION AND WORKING PART-TIME FOR MEN A LATER CONSEQUENCE OF SECULARISATION THE RISE OF PART-TIME JOBS IN HYPERINDUSTRIAL STATES DOES NOT HAVE MUCH TO DO WITH PRECARITY AND GLOBALISATION

TO ARRIVE AT A RICHER ANSWER TO THE QUESTION WHERE EUROPE IS GOING NOT ONLY MORE BONDING BETWEEN SOCIAL ECONOMISTS AND POLITICAL SOCIOLOGISTS BUT ALSO BETWEEN THESE SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND SOCIOLOGISTS OF RELIGION

I HAVE POSTED THIS PRESENTATION ON MY WEB SITE TYPE IN GOOGLE THE TWO WORDS WOUT ULTEE THE FIRST HIT IS MY WEB SITE GO TO FOREIGN PRESENTATIONS AND THAN GO TO HAMBURG