Grout

Prior to the 1990’s, Michigan designers utilized unreinforced masonry. History of Grout Reinforced masonry came to the forefront following the 1933 Long Beach, California earthquake. Prior to the 1990’s, Michigan designers utilized unreinforced masonry.

Purpose Thinner walls

Taller and stronger walls Purpose Taller and stronger walls

Purpose Sound resistance

Increased Fire Resistance Purpose Increased Fire Resistance

Improved thermal performance Purpose Improved thermal performance

Grout Products ASTM C 476 Application Scope Referenced Documents Materials Grout Type and Proportions Measurement and Production Application

ASTM’s Related to Grout Standard Specifications C404 Standard Specification for Aggregates for Masonry Grout C476 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry

not in binder

Grout Products ASTM C 476 Application Scope Referenced Documents Materials Grout Type and Proportions Measurement and Production Application

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 1.1 This specification covers two types of grout, fine and coarse grout, for use in the construction of masonry structures. Grout is specified by (1) proportions or (2) strength requirements.

not in binder C1180 – 03aε1 Standard Terminology for Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry1 grout, n – a mixture of cementitious materials, aggregates, water, with or without admixtures, initially produced to pouring consistency without segregation. Requirements for grout are contained in Specification C476.

Grout Products ASTM C 476 Application Scope Referenced Documents Materials Grout Type and Proportions Measurement and Production Application

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards C 5 Specification for Quicklime for Structural Purposes2 C143/ C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete3 C150 Specification for Portland Cement2 C207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes2 C260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete3

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 C404 Specification for Aggregates for Masonry Grout4 C595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements2 C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete2 C989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars3 C1019 Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout4 C1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement2

not in binder C404-03 Standard Specification for Aggregates for Masonry Grout1 3.1 Aggregates shall consist of natural sand or manufactured sand, used alone or in combination with coarse aggregate as described in this specification.

Grout Products ASTM C 476 Application Scope Referenced Documents Materials Grout Type and Proportions Measurement and Production Application

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 3.1 Materials used as ingredients in grout shall conform to the requirements specified in 3.1.1-3.1.8.

Raw Calcined Natural Pozzolan C618 Granulated Blast Furnace Slag C595 C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 3.1.1 Cementitious Materials Blended Cements C595 Coal Fly Ash or Raw Calcined Natural Pozzolan C618 Granulated Blast Furnace Slag C595 Quicklime C5 Hydrated Lime C207 Portland Cement C150 contributes to strength

inert filler, provides economy, workability, C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 sand 3.1.3 Aggregates C404 pea gravel inert filler, provides economy, workability, reduces shrinkage, influences compressive strength

contributes to pourability, hydrates cement, aids in suction for bond C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 3.1.4 Water potable contributes to pourability, hydrates cement, aids in suction for bond

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 3.1.5 Admixtures – Integral waterproofing compounds, accelerators, or other admixtures not mentioned definitely in the specification shall not be used in grout for use in reinforced masonry without approval from the purchaser.

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 3.1.6 Pumping Aids – Pumping aids are permitted to be used in cases where the brand, quality, and quantity are approved in writing by the purchaser or are definitely stipulated in the specification.

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 3.1.7 Antifreeze Compounds – No antifreeze liquids, salts, or other substances shall be used in grout to lower the freezing point.

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 3.1.8 Storage of Materials – Cementitous materials and aggregates shall be stored in such a manner as to prevent deterioration or intrusion of foreign material or moisture. Any material that has become unsuitable for good construction shall not be used.

Grout Products ASTM C 476 Application Scope Referenced Documents Materials Grout Type and Proportions Measurement and Production Application

Fine Grout - Portland cement - Sand - Water Coarse Grout C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 4.1 Type – Grout type shall be specified as fine or coarse. Fine Grout - Portland cement - Sand - Water Coarse Grout - Portland cement - Sand - Pea gravel - Water

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 Note 2 – Building code provisions and grout space dimensions should be reviewed when selecting grout type or types.

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 4.2 Proportions of Ingredients – Grout proportions shall be determined by one of the following methods: 4.2.1 Requirements of Table 1.

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 TABLE 1 Grout Proportions by Volume Type Parts by Volume of Portland Cement or Blended Cement Parts by Volume of Hydrated Lime or Lime Putty Aggregate, Measured in a Damp, Loose Condition Fine Coarse Fine Grout 1 0 – 1/10 2¼ - 3 times the sum of the volumes of cementitious materials --- Coarse Grout 1-2 times the sum of volumes of the cementitious materials

NCMA TEK 9-2 (2002) Grout for Concrete Masonry

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 4.2.2 Specified Compressive Strength – Proportions established by 28-day compressive strength tests in accordance with Test Method C1019 that obtain the specified compressive strength. The grout shall be mixed to a slump of 8 to 11 in. as determined by Test Method C143/C143M and shall have a minimum compressive strength of 2000 psi at 28 days.

ASTM C 476 Grout Type and Proportions Proportions of Ingredients Table 1 By volume Specified Compressive Strength Proportions established by 28-day comp. strength tests (C1019) Slump of 8 to 11 inches Minimum compressive strength of 2000 psi at 28 days

C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 Note 1 – The testing agency performing this test method should be evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093.

C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 Note 3 – Nonabsorbent blocks may be of plastic, wood, or other nonabsorbent material. Certain species of wood contain sugars which retardation of cement. In order to prevent this from occurring, new wooden blocks shall be soaked in limewater for 24 h, sealed with varnish or wax, or covered with an impermeable material prior to use.

C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 5. Test Specimens 5.1 Each grout specimen shall have a square cross-section, 3 in. or larger on the sides and twice as high as its width. Dimensional tolerances shall be within 5% of the width selected.

C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 6. Mold Construction 6.1 Select a level location where the molds remain undisturbed for 48 h. Note 5 – The location of specimen construction should be protected and as free from perceptible vibration as possible.

C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 6.3 Form a space with a square cross-section, 3 in. or larger on each side and twice as high as its width, by stacking masonry units of the same type and moisture condition as those being used in the construction. The surface of the unit in contact with the grout specimen shall not have been previously used to mold specimens…

C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 6.3 …Tolerance on space and specimen dimensions shall be within 5% of the specimen width. See Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig 3 and accompanying notes.

C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 Note 6 – Other methods of obtaining grout specimens and specimens of different geometry have been employed in grout testing, but are not described in this test method. Other methods used to obtain grout specimens include: drilling grout-filled cores of regular units; filling cores of masonry units specifically manufactured to provide grout specimens; filling compartments in slotted corrugated cardboard boxes specifically manufactured to provide grout specimens; and forming specimens from different sized masonry units of the same or similar material…

C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 …Since test results vary with methods of forming and specimen geometry, comparative test results between the specimen described in this test method and the proposed specimen should be required and confined to a single specimen shape and method of forming.

C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 6.4 Line the masonry surfaces that will be in contact with the grout specimen with a thin, permeable material to prevent bond to the masonry units. Note 7 – The lining, such as paper towel, is used to aid in stripping the grout specimen from the mold. Proper installation of the lining prevents irregularly sized specimens and varying test results.

8. Temperature and Slump Test C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 8. Temperature and Slump Test 8.1 Measure and record the temperature of the grout sample in accordance with Test Method C1064/C1064M. 8.2 Begin filling the slump cone within 5 min of obtaining the final portion of the sample.

C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 8.3 Measure and record the slump in accordance with the requirements of Test Method C143/C143M 8 to 11 inches

9. Compressive Test Specimen C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 9. Compressive Test Specimen 9.2 Fill the mold with grout in two layers of approximately equal depth. Rod each layer 15 times with the tamping rod. Rod the bottom layer through its depth. Slightly overfill the mold. Rod the second layer with the tamping rod penetrating ½ in. into the lower layer. Distribute the strokes uniformly over the cross section of the mold.

C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 9.3 Strike off the top surface of the specimen with a straightedge to produce a flat surface that is even with the top edge of the mold and that has no depressions or projections larger than 1/8 in. Cover immediately with a damp absorbent material such as cloth or paper towel.

9.5 Protect the specimens from freezing and variations in temperature… C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 9.4 Within 30 min after filling the mold, add sufficient grout without rodding to fill the depression caused by initial water loss… 9.5 Protect the specimens from freezing and variations in temperature…

10. Transportation, Curing, and Testing of the Specimens C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 10. Transportation, Curing, and Testing of the Specimens 10.1 Remove the molds between 24 and 48 h after making the specimens. 10.2 Within 30 min after removing the molds, place specimens in a protective container and keep specimens damp.

C1019-03 Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Grout1 10.3 Transport field specimens to the laboratory within 8 h after mold removal. 10.4 Within 8 h after mold removal, place in a moist room, moist cabinet, or water storage tank conforming to Specification C511. Store there until day of testing.

Grout Products ASTM C 476 Application Scope Referenced Documents Materials Grout Type and Proportions Measurement and Production Application

5. Measurement and Production C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 5. Measurement and Production 5.1 Measurement of Materials – Measure materials for grout such that the required proportions of the grout materials are controlled and accurately measured.

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 5.2.1 Materials Mixed at Job Site: 5.2.1.1 Individual cementitous materials and aggregates stored at the job site shall be mixed in a mechanical mixer for a minimum of 5 min with sufficient water to achieve the desired consistency.

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 5.2.1.2 Individual dry ingredients transported to the job site in suitable compartments shall be mixed with water at the job site using continuous volumetric proportioning equipment to achieve the desired consistency. Mix with an auger of appropriate length to provide adequate mixing. Typically not used in Michigan.

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 5.2.2 Materials Transported to the Job Site: 5.2.2.1 Factory dry-blended cementitious materials and aggregates delivered to the job site shall be mixed in a mechanical mixer for a minimum of 5 min with sufficient water to achieve the desired consistency.

C476-02 Standard Specification for Grout for Masonry1 5.2.2.2 Wet-mixed grout shall arrive at the job site in a ready-mixed condition. Slump shall be adjusted as necessary, and grout shall be re-mixed at mixing speed for at least 1 min before discharging to achieve the desired consistency.

Grout Products ASTM C 476 Application Scope Referenced Documents Materials Grout Type and Proportions Measurement and Production Application

NCMA TEK 3-2 (2003) Grouting Concrete Masonry Walls In reinforced concrete masonry wall construction, grout often is placed only in wall spaces containing steel reinforcement. The grout bonds the masonry units and steel so that they act together to resist imposed loads. In some reinforced loadbearing masonry walls, all cores with and without reinforcement are grouted to further increase the wall’s resistance to loads.

NCMA TEK 3-3A (2001) Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Standard two-core concrete masonry units can be effectively reinforced when protruding lap splices are not long, since the mason must lift the units over any protruding reinforcing bars.

NCMA TEK 3-3A (2001) Reinforced Concrete Masonry Construction Open-ended units allow the units to be placed around reinforcing bars. This eliminates the need to thread units over the top of the reinforcing bar.

Grout…the Third Ingredient Grout is a material used in reinforced masonry that is quite misunderstood. Grout is not mortar and grout is not concrete. The big difference between concrete, mortar and grout is their plasticity or fluidity in the initial stage.