Developing Management Skills Chapter 2: Managing Personal Stress © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Learning Objectives Adopt strategies for eliminating stressors Enhance level of personal resilience Utilize appropriate temporary coping responses © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Management of Stress and Time Costs US economy $500 billion annually Stress related problems at work include: Absenteeism Turnover Job Dissatisfaction Accidents Physical Health of Employees © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

The Role of Management Ineffective Management Employee Stress © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Lewin’s Force Field © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Three Stages of Reactions to Stress Stage 1) Alarm: increase in anxiety, fear, sorrow or loss. Stage 2) Resistance: attempt to control stress using defense mechanism. Stage 3) Exhaustion: stop trying to defend against stress. © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Stress Defense Mechanisms Aggression Regression Repression Withdrawal Fixation © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

A General Model of Stress Insert Figure 2.2 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Managing Stress A Hierarchy of Approaches Enactive Strategies: Eliminate stressors Proactive Strategies: Develop resiliency strategies Reactive Strategies: Learn temporary coping strategies © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Physiological Consequences of Stress Insert Figure 2.3 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Four Sources of Stress Time Stressors Encounter Stressors Situational Stressors Anticipatory Stressors © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Types of Stressors Time Stressors Encounter Stressors Work overload Lack of control Encounter Stressors Role conflicts Issue conflicts Action conflicts © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Types of Stressors Situational Stressors Anticipatory Stressors Unfavorable working conditions Rapid change Anticipatory Stressors Unpleasant expectations Fear © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Eliminating Stressors Insert Table 2.3 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Effective Time Management Spending time on important matters Distinguishing between important tasks versus urgent tasks Focus on results rather than methods Not feeling guilty when saying “no” © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Types of Activities that Determine Time Use Insert figure 2.4 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Efficient Time Management 40 Techniques for Time Management 20 apply to all aspects of life 20 apply to management © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Collaboration Eliminating encounter stress through membership in a stable, closely-knit group or community. © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Emotional Bank Accounts A metaphor which compares investments in relationships to deposits and withdrawals in bank accounts. The more people interact, the more deposits are made. © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Four Dimensions of Social Intelligence An accurate perception of other’s emotional and behavioral responses. The ability to cognitively and emotionally relate to the responses of others. Social knowledge Social problem solving © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Work Redesign Effectively eliminating stress and increasing productivity by changing aspects of work. To eliminate stressors at work: combine tasks form identifiable work units establish customer relationships increase decision-making authority open feedback channels © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Eliminating Anticipatory Stressors through Goal Setting Insert figure 2.5 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Small Wins Strategy Identify something under your control Change it in a way that leads toward desired goal Find another small thing to change and change it Keep track of changes made Maintain the small gains made through change © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Resiliency The capacity to withstand or manage the negative effects of stress, to bounce back from adversity, and endure difficult situations. © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Balancing Life Activities Insert figure 2.6 © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Resiliency: Moderating the Effects of Stress Physiological Resiliency Psychological Resiliency Social Resiliency Cardiovascular conditioning Proper diet Balanced lifestyle Hardy personality Small-wins strategy Supportive social relations Mentors Teamwork © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Benefits of Regular Exercise Maintaining optimal weight Increasing psychological well being Improving the cardiovascular system © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

You Are What You Eat! Eat a variety of foods Maintain optimal weight Reduce fat intake Eat more whole foods Reduce sugar and sodium intake Avoid alcohol and caffeine Take vitamins and supplements Make eating a relaxing time © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Hardiness Take control of your life Get involved, become committed to a cause See change as a new challenge, not as a threat © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Type A Personality Extreme competitiveness Strong desires for achievement Haste Impatience Restlessness Hyperalertness Explosiveness of speech © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Negative Effects of Type A Personality Heart disease Stress related illness (i.e. low emotional involvement) Reduced ability to develop hardiness © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Antidotes for Type A’s Small wins strategy Deep-relaxation strategies meditation yoga self-hypnosis biofeedback © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -

Temporary Stress Reduction Techniques Physiological Techniques Muscle relaxation Deep breathing Psychological Techniques Imagery and fantasy Rehearsal Reframing © 2007 by Prentice Hall 2 -