Local anaesthetic-induced myotoxicity in regional anaesthesia: a systematic review and empirical analysis N. Hussain, C.J.L. McCartney, J.M. Neal, J. Chippor, L. Banfield, F.W. Abdallah British Journal of Anaesthesia Volume 121, Issue 4, Pages 822-841 (October 2018) DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.05.076 Copyright © 2018 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions
Fig 1 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram depicting the flow of information through the various phases of this systematic review. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2018 121, 822-841DOI: (10.1016/j.bja.2018.05.076) Copyright © 2018 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions
Fig 2 Adapted illustration from Neal and colleagues (2013),44 which describes myotoxicity at a cellular level. When myocytes are exposed to local anaesthetic (LA), cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) concentrations increase as a result of the direct action on the sarcoplasmic reticulum or the ryanodine receptors (RyRs). Impaired mitochondrial Ca2+ reuptake reduces cellular energy production [conversion of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)]. LAs may also suppress clearance of cytoplasmic Ca2+ at the sarcoplasmic–endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and at the plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA). British Journal of Anaesthesia 2018 121, 822-841DOI: (10.1016/j.bja.2018.05.076) Copyright © 2018 British Journal of Anaesthesia Terms and Conditions