Early West African Societies HSS 7.4: Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the sub-Saharan civilizations of Ghana and Mali in Medieval Africa

Key Vocabulary Rifts Sub-Saharan Africa Sahel Savannah Rain forests Extended family Animism Impact traditional

Geography of Africa Geographic features of West Africa shaped the way that civilizations arose there. Along the Niger River in West Africa, great civilizations arose.

West Africa’s Great River The Niger River was a major source of food, water, and transportation, which allowed many to live in the surrounding area. The Inland Delta of the Niger is a section of low-lying lakes and marshes. Many animals find food and shelter near the River.

West Africa’s Climates and Plants Four different regions make up the area surrounding the Niger River. These bands are like strips running from east to west. Each area gets a different amount of rainfall. The amount of rainfall an area gets impacts what vegetation—plant life—exists there.

Climates and Plants Continued Four bands: Sahara Desert—largest desert in world, rain very rare. Sahel—divides desert from wetter areas, has enough plant life to support some grazing animals. Savannah—open grassland with scattered trees, supports large grazing herds. Rain forests—moist, densely wooded areas, supports many different plant and animal species.

West Africa’s Resources Land—can produce many different crops, such as dates and kola nuts. Minerals— Salt was a major mineral resource in West Africa. It was mined by workers from sites where ancient lakes had dried up. Gold was also a major mineral resource, used for jewelry and coins. Gold was found in the southern forests, but it is not known to this day exactly where.