Photosynthesis

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The process where light energy is converted into chemical energy Photosynthesis The process where light energy is converted into chemical energy

Photosynthesis Autotrophs change light energy into chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis. Plants use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbohydrates (sugars and starches)

Process of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a process used by green plants The is a type of autotrophic nutrition. Photosynthesis is carried out by chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll In the chloroplasts, CO2 and H2O are used to form C6H12O6 and O2

Process of Photosynthesis LABEL the reactants & products below 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2  = light energy trapped in the chloroplast makes this process happen

Photosynthesis Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon water light energy sugar oxygen dioxide (glucose)

Photosynthesis Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon water light energy sugar oxygen dioxide (glucose) Requirements: 6CO2 – carbon dioxide is absorbed from the environment 6H2O – water absorbed from the environment Energy – energy from the sun is trapped by the chlorophyll in the chloroplasts Products/Wastes: C6H12O6 – organic sugar (glucose) is stored in the plant 6O2 – oxygen is released as a waste product

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Water or Carbon dioxide (wax prevent water loss) Temperature (0-35°C for enzymes) Light intensity (min and max) or water

Light and Pigments Energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form of light of different wavelengths of the visible spectrum as different colors Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments.

Chloroplasts Chlorophyll in the chloroplast is the green pigment that captures light energy to carry out photosynthesis. Oxygen is released through the leaves Organic sugars made are used by the autotroph to grow/develop or stored as carbohydrates or lipids.

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Inside Chloroplasts Photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts Thylakoids = saclike photosynthetic membranes containing chlorophyll and other pigments Grana = stacks of thylakoids Stroma = region (space) outside thylakoids

Light vs. Dark Reactions Light-dependent reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes. Light-independent reactions, or the Calvin cycle, take place in the stroma.

NADPH High-energy electrons are transported from the chlorophyll by carrier molecules NADP+ is one carrier molecule that carries two high-energy electrons with a hydrogen ion (H+) converting it into NADPH The NADPH carries the electrons produced by light absorption in chlorophyll to chemical reactions throughout the cell.

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Light-dependent Reactions Require LIGHT! Use energy from light to produce oxygen and convert ADP & NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP & NADPH

Light-independent Reactions The Calvin Cycle The Calvin cycle uses the energy from ATP & NADPH to make high-energy compounds that can store the energy longer (sugars) Light independent reaction = does NOT require light