Cause & Effect Reasoning: Analyzing Why Events Happened ___________: Caused, Led to, Forced, Because, Resulted in, Reason for Elements: ___________ ___________—explanation of relationship between cause & effect

Cause & Effect Reasoning: Analyzing Why Events Happened Ex. Seniors are disrespectful, lazy and irresponsible because they feel they are no longer connected to the high school community. Key Word(s): Cause(s): Effect(s): Connectors:

CE Reasoning: Diagramming “Boxes & Arrows” EVENT CAUSAL CONNECTION Ex. I missed the bus so I was late for school. I missed the bus. I was late for school TIP: Only 1 Idea per Box

CE Reasoning: 3 Basic Types Identifying Type of CE Reasoning Helps: Begin Diagram Determine which evaluation questions to apply ___________—Point of argument is to explain the causes of some event. ___________—Point of argument is to explain the effects of some event. (3) ___________—Point of argument is to explain the relationship between a cause & an effect.

CE Reasoning: 3 Basic Types CAUSES—Point of argument is to explain the causes of some event. --___________________________________________. Ex. There were three reasons for the failure of the Red Sox to advance in the 2008 playoffs. First, their starting pitching was inconsistent. Second, their relief pitching was consistently bad. And third, their big offensive players didn’t produce. Inconsistent Starting Pitching Red Sox fail to Advance in 2008 Playoffs Consistently Bad Relief Pitching Big Offensive Players Unproductive

CE Reasoning: 3 Basic Types EFFECTS—Point of argument is to explain the effects of some event. --___________________________________________. Ex. There were two important effects of the failure of the Red Sox to advance in the 2008 playoffs. First, Boston fans quickly shifted their attention to the Pats. And, second, Yankees fans quietly sighed in relief. Boston sports fans shift attention to Pats Red Sox fail to Advance in 2008 Playoffs Yankees fans sigh in relief

CE Reasoning: 3 Basic Types (3) RELATIONSHIP—Point of argument is to explain the relationship between a cause & an effect. --______________________________________________ Ex. Unemployment is a major contributor to economic contraction. Unemployment decreases household income. This, in turn, reduces consumption. Decreased consumption creates downward pressure on prices which cuts business profits. With profits reduced, businesses cut production or fail. This, inevitably, means less production thus a contraction. Also, business failure creates a vicious cycle as workers are laid off. Unemployment Businesses cut back or fail ↓Production ↓ Consumption ↓ Household Income Economic Contraction ↓Prices ↓Profits

CE Reasoning Evaluation Two Characteristics of Good Cause & Effect Reasoning ______________________ between stated Causes & Effects In diagram = ______________________ _________________ Causes/Effects

CE Reasoning Evaluation (cont.) Generalized Evaluation Questions To Analyze CE Reasoning, ask & answer the 2 following questions _____________________________________________________________?

CE Reasoning Evaluation (cont.) ____________ the CE argument _______________________ using information from the CE argument ________________________ adding in missing information

CE Reasoning Analysis (cont.) Argument Diagramming (step 1) EX. Mr. Sunderland was late to work because Beverly Public Schools had a 2-hour delay Beverly Public Schools had a 2-hour delay Mr. Sunderland was late to work

CE Reasoning Evaluation (cont.) Question Asking (step 2) For good evaluation, CONTEXTUALIZE the Evaluation Questions. EX. Mr. Sunderland was late to work because Beverly Public Schools had a 2-hour delay __________________________________________________________________________________________

CE Reasoning Evaluation (cont.) Which Is Better & Why? Mr. Sunderland was late to work because Beverly Public Schools had a 2-hour delay Mr. Sunderland was late to work because Beverly Public Schools had a 2-hour delay. Mr. Sunderland’s children attend Beverly Public Schools and therefore couldn’t go to school until 9:30a. Therefore, Mr. Sunderland had to wait to take them to school.

CE Reasoning Evaluation (cont.) Which Is Better & Why? Mr. Sunderland was late to work because Beverly Public Schools had a 2-hour delay. Mr. Sunderland’s children attend Beverly Public Schools. Mr. Sunderland’s wife couldn’t bring the children to school late b/c she had an important morning meeting at her work that she couldn’t miss. Therefore, Mr. Sunderland had to bring his children to school. Mr. Sunderland was late to work because Beverly Public Schools had a 2-hour delay. Mr. Sunderland’s children attend Beverly Public Schools and therefore couldn’t go to school until 9:30a. Therefore, Mr. Sunderland had to wait to take them to school.